Sound To Spelling Correspondences
The following table shows for each sound, the various spelling patterns used to denote it. The symbol "…" stands for an intervening consonant. The letter sequences are in order of frequency with the most common first. Some of these patterns are very rare or unique, such as au for the sound in laugh (some accents). In some cases, the spellings shown are found in only one known English word (such as "mh" for /m/, or "yrrh" for /ɜr/).
| Consonants | ||
|---|---|---|
| IPA | Spelling | Examples |
| /p/ | p, pp, gh | pill, happy, hiccough |
| /b/ | b, bb | bit, rabbit |
| /t/ | t, tt, ed, pt, th, ct | ten, hitter, topped, pterodactyl, thyme, ctenoid |
| /d/ | d, dd, ed, dh, t (in some dialects), tt (in some dialects) | dive, ladder, failed, dharma, waiter, flatter |
| /ɡ/ | g, gg, gue, gh | go, stagger, catalogue, ghost |
| /k/ | c, k, ck, ch, cc, qu, cu, que, kk, kh, q | cat, key, tack, chord, account, liquor, biscuit, mosque, trekker, khan, burqa |
| /m/ | m, mm, mb, mn, mh, gm, chm | mine, hammer, climb, hymn, mho, diaphragm, drachm |
| /n/ | n, nn, kn, gn, pn, nh, cn, mn | nice, funny, knee, gnome, pneumonia, piranha, cnidarian, mnemonic |
| /ŋ/ | ng, n, ngue | sing, link, tongue |
| /r/ | r, rr, wr, rh, rrh | ray, parrot, wrong, rhyme, diarrh(o)ea |
| /f/ | f, ph, ff, gh, pph, u | fine, physical, off, laugh, sapphire, lieutenant (Br) |
| /v/ | v, vv, f, ph, w (in some dialects) | vine, savvy, of, Stephen, Diwali |
| /θ/ | th, chth, phth, tth, fth (in some dialects) | thin, chthonic, phthisis, Matthew, twelfth |
| /ð/ | th | them, breathe |
| /s/ | s, c, ss, sc, st, ps, sch (in some dialects), cc, se, ce, z (in some dialects) | song, city, mess, scene, listen, psychology, schism, flaccid, horse, juice, citizen |
| /z/ | s, z, x, zz, ss, ze, c (in some dialects) | has, zoo, xylophone, fuzz, scissors, breeze, electricity |
| /ʃ/ | sh, ti, ci, ssi, si, ss, ch, s, sci, ce, sch, sc | shin, nation, special, mission, expansion, tissue, machine, sugar, conscience, ocean, schmooze, crescendo |
| /ʒ/ | si, s, g, z, j, ti, sh (in some dialects) | division, leisure, genre, seizure, jeté, equation, Pershing |
| /tʃ/ | ch, t, tch, ti, c, cc, tsch, cz | chin, nature, batch, bastion (some accents), cello, bocce, putsch, Czech |
| /dʒ/ | g, j, dg, dge, d, di, gi, ge, gg | magic, jump, judgment, bridge, graduate, soldier, Belgian, dungeon, exaggerate |
| /h/ | h, wh, j, ch | he, who, fajita, chutzpah |
| /j/ | y, i, j, ll, e | yes, onion, hallelujah, tortilla, eoarchean |
| /l/ | l, ll, lh | line, hallo, Lhasa |
| /w/ | w, u, o, ou, wh (in most dialects) | we, persuade, choir, Ouija board, what |
| /hw/ | wh (in some dialects) | wheel |
| Vowels | ||
|---|---|---|
| IPA | Spelling | Examples |
| /iː/ | e, ea, ee, e…e, ae, ei, i…e, ie, eo, oe, ie...e, ay, ey, i, y, oi, ue, ey, a | be, beach, bee, cede, Caesar, deceit, machine, field, people, amoeba, hygiene, quay, key, ski, city, chamois, Portuguese, geyser (Br), karaoke |
| /ɪ/ | i, y, ui, e, ee, ie, o, u, a, ei, ee, ia, ea, i...e, ai, ii, oe | bit, myth, build, pretty, been (some accents), sieve, women, busy, damage, counterfeit, carriage, mileage, medicine, bargain, shiitake, oedema |
| /uː/ | oo, u, o, u…e, ou, ew, ue, o…e, ui, eu, oeu, oe, ough, wo, ioux, ieu, oup, w | tool, luminous, who, flute, soup, jewel, true, lose, fruit, maneuver (US), manoeuvre (Br), canoe, through, two, Sioux, lieutenant (US), coup, cwm |
| /ʊ/ | oo, u, o, oo...e, or, ou, oul | look, full, wolf, gooseberry, worsted, courier, should |
| /eɪ/ | a, a…e, aa, ae, ai, ai...e, aig, aigh, al, ao, au, ay, e (é), e...e, ea, eg, ei, ei...e, eig, eigh, ee (ée), eh, er, es, et, ey, ez, ie, oeh | bass, rate, quaalude, reggae, rain, cocaine, arraign, straight, Ralph (sometimes in Br), gaol (Br), gauge, pay, ukulele (café), crepe, steak, thegn, veil, beige, reign, eight, matinee (soirée), eh, dossier, demesne, ballet, obey, chez, lingerie (US), boehmite |
| /ə/ | a, e, o, u, ai, ou, eig, y, ah, ough, ae, oi | another, anthem, awesome, atrium, mountain, callous, foreign, beryl, Messiah, borough (Br), Michael, porpoise |
| /oʊ/ | o, o…e, oa, ow, ou, oe, oo, eau, oh, ew, au, aoh, ough, eo | so, bone, boat, know, soul, foe, brooch, beau, oh, sew, mauve, pharaoh, furlough, yeoman |
| /ɛ/ | e, ea, a, ae, ai, ay, ea…e, ei, eo, ie, ieu, u, ue, oe | met, weather, many, aesthetic, said, says, cleanse, heifer, jeopardy, friend, lieutenant (Br), bury, guess, foetid |
| /æ/ | a, ai, al, au, i | hand, plaid, salmon, laugh (some accents), meringue |
| /ʌ/ | u, o, o…e, oe, ou, oo, wo | sun, son, come, does, touch, flood, twopence |
| /ɔː/ | a, au, aw, ough, augh, o, oa, oo, al, uo, u, ao | fall, author, jaw, bought, caught, cord, broad, door, walk, fluorine (Br), sure (some accents), extraordinary |
| /ɒ/ | o, a, eau, ach, au, ou | lock, watch, bureaucracy, yacht, sausage, cough |
| /ɑː/ | a, ah, aa, i | father, blah, baa, lingerie (US) |
| /aɪ/ | ae, ai, aie, aille, ais, ay, aye, ei, eigh, ey, eye, i, i…e, ia, ie, ic, ig, igh, is, oi, ui, uy, uye, y, y...e, ye | maestro, krait, shanghaied, canaille (RP), aisle, kayak, aye, heist, height, geyser (US), eye, mic, fine, diaper, tie, indict, sign, high, isle, choir, guide, buy, guyed, tryst, type, bye |
| /ɔɪ/ | oi, oy, awy, uoy oy…e, eu | foil, toy, lawyer, buoy, gargoyle, Freudian |
| /aʊ/ | ou, ow, ough, au | out, now, bough, tau |
| /ɑr/ | aar, ar, are, arre, ear, er, our, uar, arrh | bazaar, car, are, bizarre, heart, sergeant, our (some accents), guard, catarrh |
| /ɛər/ | aar, aer, air, aire, ar, are, ayer, ayor, ear, eir, er, ere, err, erre, ey're, e'er | Aaron, aerial, hair, millionaire, ware, vary, prayer, mayor, bear, heir, stationery (some accents), where, err (variant), parterre, they're, e'er |
| /ɪər/ | ear, eer, eir, eor, ere, ers, e're, ier, iere, ir | ear, beer, weir, theory (US), here, revers, we're, pier, premiere, menhir |
| /ɜr/ | er, or, ur, ir, yr, our, ear, err, eur, yrrh, ar, oeu, olo | fern, worst, turn, thirst, myrtle, journey, earth, err, amateur, myrrh, grammar, hors d'oeuvre, colonel |
| /juː/ | u, u…e, eu, ue, iew, eau, ieu, ueue, ui, ewe, ew | music*, use, feud, cue, view, beautiful*, adieu*, queue, nuisance*, ewe, few, * in some dialects, see yod-dropping |
Read more about this topic: English Orthography, Spelling Patterns
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