Meltzer is a surname of German or Yiddish origin which may apply to the following people:
- Albert Meltzer (1920 – 1996) British anarcho-communist activist and writer
- Allan Meltzer (born 1928) American economist
- Bernard Meltzer (1916 – 1998) United States radio host
- Brad Meltzer (born 1970) American author
- Dave Meltzer (born 1961) American sports journalist
- David Meltzer (born 1937) American poet and musician
- Daniel Meltzer, Professor of Law at Harvard
- Donald Meltzer (1922–2004) American/British psychoanalyst
- Ewald Meltzer (1869 - 1940) German director of an asylum
- Françoise Meltzer (born 1947) American professor of religion
- Fredrik Meltzer (1779 – 1855) Norwegian businessman and politician
- Harold Meltzer (born 1966) American composer
- Isser Zalman Meltzer (1870 - 1953) Lithuanian Orthodox rabbi
- Jamie Meltzer, American film director
- Marlyn Meltzer, one of the original programmers for the ENIAC computer
- Milton Meltzer (born 1915) American historian
- Richard Meltzer (born 1945) rock music critic
- Samuel James Meltzer (1851 – 1920) Russian/American physiologist
- Toby Meltzer (born 1957) American plastic and reconstructive surgeon
- Roza Pomerantz-Meltzer (d. 1934) first woman elected to the Parliament of Poland