Melnikov (Russian: Ме́льников) is a surname of Russian origin. Like many surnames, it derives from an occupation, the root "мельник" (melnik) meaning miller, one who mills grain.
It may refer to:
- Alexander Melnikov (born 1973), pianist
- Avraam Melnikov (1784–1854), architect
- Nikolai Melnikov (born 1948), Soviet Olympic champion water polo player
- Pavel Ivanovich Melnikov (1818–1883), writer
- Pavel Petrovich Melnikov (1804–1880), engineer
- Konstantin Melnikov, Russian architect
- Vitaliy Melnikov (born 1928), film director
- Ivan Melnikov (singer), opera singer
- Ivan Melnikov (politician)
- Sergey Melnikov, runner
- Melnikov distance
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