In academia:
- Ivana Markova (born 1938), Czechoslovak-British emeritus professor of psychology at the University of Stirling
- John Markoff (sociologist) (born 1942), American professor of sociology and history at the University of Pittsburgh
In math, science, and technology:
- Alexander V. Markov (1965-), Russian biologist
- Andrey Markov (1856–1922), Russian mathematician
- Andrey Markov (Soviet mathematician) (1903–1979), son of Andrey Markov
- John Markoff (born 1949), American journalist of computer industry and technology
- Moisey Markov (1908–1994), Russian physicist
- Vladimir Andreevich Markov (1871–1897), Russian mathematician, brother of Andrey Markov (Sr.)
In performing arts:
- Albert Markov, Russian American violinist, composer
- Alexander Markov, current Russian American violinist
- Dame Alicia Markova (1910–2004), British prima ballerina
- Margaret Markov (born 1951), Yugoslav-American actress of film and television
- Rimma Markova (born 1925), popular Soviet and Russian actress
In politics:
- Eufrosina Dvoichenko-Markov, Soviet KGB spy in New York City during World War II
- Georgi Markov (1929–1978), Bulgarian dissident who was assassinated in London
- Helmuth Markov (born 1952), German politician and Member of the European Parliament
- Nikolai Yevgenyevich Markov (1866–1945), Russian right-wing politician
- Sergey Alexandrovich Markov (born 1958), Russian political scientist, nationalist politician
- Sergey Leonidovich Markov (1878–1918), Russian army general, anti-Bolshevik during Soviet civil war
- Vladimir Ivanovich Markov (1859–1919), Russian politician, last Minister-Secretary of State for Finland in Czarist regime
In sports:
- Alexei Markov (born 1979), Russian road bicycle racer
- Aleksei Markov (athlete), Estonian athlete
- Andrei Markov (ice hockey) (born 1978), Russian ice hockey player in the NHL
- Danny Markov (born 1976), professional ice hockey player for the Detroit Red Wings
- Dmitri Markov (born 1975), Belarusian pole vaulter representing Australia
- Dmitry Viktorovich Markov (born 1981), Russian soccer player
- Dragomir Markov (born 1971), Bulgarian swimmer
- Georgi Markov (footballer) (born 1972), Bulgarian footballer
- Georgi Markov (weightlifter) (born 1978), Bulgarian weightlifter
- Georgi Markov (wrestler) (born 1946), Bulgarian wrestler
- Khristo Markov (born 1965), Bulgarian triple jumper
- Ilya Markov (born 1972), Russian race walker
- Marko Markov (born 1981), Bulgarian footballer
- Miglena Markova (born 1983), Bulgarian rower
- Nikolay Valeryevich Markov (born 1985), Russian footballer
- Olga Markova (athlete) (born 1968), Russian long-distance runner
- Olga Markova (figure skater) (born 1974), Russian figure skater
In other fields:
- Alexei Markov (folklorist) (1877–1917), Russian expert in folklore
- Philip Markoff (1986–2010), defendant in a murder case in Boston, MA, who died before the trial commenced
- Walterina Markova (real name Walter Dempster), Philippine drag queen and World War II sex slave
In fiction:
- Tara Markov, name of comic book character Terra
- Frantisek Markov, character in Dungeons & Dragons