List of Programming Languages By Type - Machine Languages

Machine Languages

Machine languages are directly executable by a computer's CPU. They are typically formulated as bit patterns, usually represented in octal or hexadecimal. Each group of npatterns (often 1 or more bytes) causes the circuits in the CPU to execute one of the fundamental operations of the hardware. The activation of specific electrical inputs (e.g., CPU package pins for microprocessors), and logical settings for CPU state values, control the processor's computation. Individual machine languages are processor specific and are not portable. They are (essentially) always defined by the CPU developer, not by 3rd parties. The symbolic version, the processor's assembly language, is also defined by the developer, in most cases. Since processors come in families based on a shared architecture, the same basic assembly language style can often be used for more than one CPU. Each of the following CPUs served as the basis for a family of processors:

  • ARM
  • DEC PDP-6, which led to the KA10 family (used in PDP-10, DECSYSTEM-20)
  • DEC PDP-11 (influenced VAX and M68000)
  • Intel 8008, 8080 and 8085
    • Zilog Z80
    • x86-16 Instruction set first used in the Intel 8086
      • Intel 8088 (variant used in the first and early IBM PC)
      • Intel 80186
      • Intel 80286 (the first x86 processor with protected mode, used in the IBM AT)
    • x86-32
      • Intel 80386
      • Intel 80486
      • Intel Pentium and Xeon CPUs
    • x86-64 The original specification was created by AMD. There are vendor variants, but they're essentially the same
      • AMD's AMD64 - Opteron, Athlon 64
      • Intel's Intel 64 - Core CPUs (Core2, i3, i5, i7), some Atom, and newer Pentium 4s and Xeon processors
  • IBM System/360
  • MIPS R2000/R3000
  • Motorola 6800
    • Motorola 68000 family (CPUs used in early Apple Macintosh and early Sun computers)
    • MOS Technology 65xx
      • 6502 (CPU for VIC-20, Apple II, and Atari 800)
      • 6510 (CPU for Commodore 64)
      • Western Design Center 65816/65802 (CPU for Apple II and (variant) Super Nintendo Entertainment System)
  • National 32032
  • Power Architecture
    • POWER
    • PowerPC - used in Power Macintosh and the technology is used in many game consoles)
  • StrongARM
  • Sun SPARC, UltraSPARC

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