Written Communication
- Phonographic writing systems, by definition, use symbols to represent components of auditory language, i.e. speech, which in turn refers to things or ideas. The two main kinds of phonographic notational system are the alphabet and syllabary. Some written languages are more consistent in their correlation of written symbol or grapheme and sound or phoneme, and are therefore considered to have better phonemic orthography.
- Ideographic writing, by definition, refers to things or ideas independently of their pronunciation in any language. All of the notational systems listed below are ideographic. Some ideographic systems are also pictograms that convey meaning through their pictorial resemblance to a physical object.
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“The reader uses his eyes as well as or instead of his ears and is in every way encouraged to take a more abstract view of the language he sees. The written or printed sentence lends itself to structural analysis as the spoken does not because the reader’s eye can play back and forth over the words, giving him time to divide the sentence into visually appreciated parts and to reflect on the grammatical function.”
—J. David Bolter (b. 1951)
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