Jelinek or Czech: Jelínek, lit. "little deer", is a surname of Czech origin that remains common in the Czech Republic.
Notable persons with this surname include:
- Bordan Jelínek, Czech poet
- Elfriede Jelinek, Austrian feminist playwright and novelist, winner of the Nobel prize
- Frederick Jelinek, pioneer in automatic speech recognition and natural language processing
- George Jelinek, Professor of Emergency Medicine at the University of Western Australia. He is known for his expertise (and several books on) on multiple sclerosis, based in Perth, Western Australia.
- George Jelinek, music critic for Stereo Review
- Hanns Jelinek, Austrian 20th century composer
- Ivan Jelínek, Czech poet
- Jan Jelinek, German electronic musician
- Jiří Jelínek (trumpeter), Czech trumpeter and singer
- Otto Jelinek, Canadian businessman, former figure skater, and politician
- Pavel Jelínek, Czech physicist
- Petr Jelínek, Czech ice hockey player
- Žuži Jelinek, Croatian Jewish writer, uses the surname of her first husband Erich Jelinek