Languages
Dardic languages can be organized into the following subfamilies:
- Pashai languages: Pashayi
- Kunar languages: Gawar-Bati, Dameli, Shumashti and Nangalami (includes Grangali)
- Chitral languages: Khowar and Kalasha
- Kohistani languages: Kalami, Torwali, Kalkoti, Indus Kohistani, Bateri, Chilisso, Gowro, Wotapuri-Katarqalai and Tirahi
- Shina languages: Shina, Brokskad (the Shina of Baltistan and Ladakh), Ushojo, Domaaki, Palula and Savi
- Kashmiri (Kashtawari/Kishtwari, Poguli, Rambani)
In other classifications, Pashai may be included within Kunar, and Kashmiri within Shina.
Kohistan is a Persian word that means ‘land of mountains’; Kohistani can be translated as ‘mountain people’ or ‘mountain language’ and is popularly used to refer to several distinct languages in the mountain areas of Northern Pakistan, including Maiya, Kalami, and Torwali.
Recording about the Torwals, a non Pashtun tribe which with the Garhwis, occupied both lower and upper Swat prior to the invasion of Swat by the Yusufzai Pashtun in the sixteenth century AD.
| “ | The Pathans call them, and all other Muhammadans of Indian descent in the Hindu Kush valleys, Kohistanis. | ” |
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“The very natural tendency to use terms derived from traditional grammar like verb, noun, adjective, passive voice, in describing languages outside of Indo-European is fraught with grave possibilities of misunderstanding.”
—Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897–1934)
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—Swedish proverb, trans. by Verne Moberg.
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—J.G. (James Graham)