Quintuple Bond - Ligand Role in Metal-metal Quintuple Bond Length

Ligand Role in Metal-metal Quintuple Bond Length

Quintuple bond lengths vary from complex to complex and are heavily dependent on the ligands bound to the metal centers. Nearly all complexes containing a metal-metal quintuple bond have bidentate bridging ligands, and even those that do not like the terphenyl complex mentioned earlier, have some bridging characteristic to it through metal-ipso-carbon interactions. The bidentate ligand can act as a sort of tweezer in that in order for chelation to occur the metal atoms must move closer together, thereby shortening the quintuple bond length. The two ways in which to obtain shorter metal-metal distances is to either reduce the distance between the chelating atoms in the ligand by changing the structure, or by using steric effects to force a conformational change in the ligand that bends the molecule in a way that forces the chelating atoms closer together. An example of the latter is shown below:

The above example shows the ligand used in the dimolybdenum complex shown in section 2. When the carbon between the two nitrogens in the ligand has a hydrogen bound to it, the steric repulsion is small. However, when the hydrogen is replaced with a much more bulky phenyl ring the steric repulsion increases dramatically and the ligand "bows" which causes a change in the orientation of the lone pairs of electrons on the nitrogen atoms. These lone pairs are what is responsible for forming bonds with the metal centers so forcing them to move closer together also forces the metal centers to be positioned closer together. Thus, decreasing the length of the quintuple bond. In the case where this ligand is bound to quintuply bonded dimolybdenum the quintuple bond length goes from 201.87 pm to 201.57 pm when the hydrogen in replaced with a phenyl group. Similar results have also been demonstrated in dichromium quintuple bond complexes as well.