Traditional Respelling Systems
The following chart matches the IPA symbols used to represent the sounds of the English language with the phonetic symbols used in several dictionaries, a majority of which transcribe American English.
These works adhere (for the most part) to the one-symbol-per-sound principle. Other works not included here, such as Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language (unabridged, 2nd ed.), do not, and thus have several different symbols for the same sound (partly to allow for different phonemic mergers and splits).
The full titles of abbreviated column headings in the following table are viewable in interactive media (as opposed to hard copy), using the pointer. To see the full titles, hover over the abbreviations. On touch screens, a long press and cancel may show them.
Consonants | |||||||||||||||||||||
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IPA1 | IPA2 | APA | WPRK | NOAD | AHD | RHD | WBO | MECD | DPL | DPN | NBC | MWCD | COD4 | POD | Cham | AB | Dictcom | BBC | Wikipedia¹ | Wikipedia² | Examples |
tʃ | tʃ | č | ch | ᴄʜ | ch | c͡h | ch | ch | ch | ch | ch | ch | ch | ch | ch | ch | ch | ch, tch | ch | ch | church |
h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | hh | h | h | h | h | hat |
hw | hw | hw | wh | (h)w | hw | hw | hw | hw | hw | hw | (h)w | hw | hw | wh | which | ||||||
dʒ | dʒ | ǯ | j | j | j | j | j | j | j | j | j | j | j | j | j | jh | j | j | j | j | judge |
x | x | x | kh | ᴋʜ | ᴋ͡ʜ | kh | k | (χ) | kh | hh | ᴋʜ | kh | kh | kh | loch, Buch | ||||||
ɬ | ɬ | ł | hl | hl | llan | ||||||||||||||||
ɡ9 | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g, gh | game, tag, regal |
ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ng | ɴɢ | ng | n͡g | ng | ng | ŋ | ng | ng | ŋ | ng | ng | ng | ng | ng | ng (ng-g, nk) |
ng | ng | thing |
ʃ | ʃ | š | sh | ꜱʜ | sh | s͡h | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | ship, dish, ration |
θ | θ | θ | th | ᴛʜ | th | t͡h | th | th | th | th | th | th | th | th | th | th | th | th | th | th | thin, thigh, beneath |
ð | ð | ð | dh | ᴛʜ | th | th̸ | th | th | th | t̷h | th: | th | dh | th | dh | dh | th | dh | dh | dh | this, thy |
j | j | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | yes |
ʒ | ʒ | ž | zh | ᴢʜ | zh | z͡h | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | vision, pleasure |
The following letters have the same values in all systems listed: b, d, f, k, l, m, n, p, r1, s, t, v, w, z. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Vowels | |||||||||||||||||||||
IPA1 | IPA2 | APA | WPRK | NOAD | AHD | RHD | WBO | MECD | DPL | DPN | NBC | MWCD | COD4 | POD | Cham | AB | Dictcom | BBC | Wikipedia¹ | Wikipedia² | Examples |
æ | æ | æ | a | a | ă | a | a | a | a | a | a | a | ă | a | a | ae | a | a (arr) | ă | a (arr) | pat, lad, cat, ran |
eɪ | e | e(y) | ay | ā | ā | ā | ay | ay | ā | ay | ay | ā | ā | ay | ā | ey | ey | ay | ā | ay | pay, day |
ɛər | ɛr | εr | air | e(ə)r | âr | âr | air | air | - | - | air | ar | ār | air | ār | eh r | air | air | ār | air | care, hair, there |
ɑː | ɑ | a | ah | ä | ä | ä | ah | aa | ä | aw, o | ah | ä, ȧ | ah | aa | ä | aa | ah | aa | â | ah | father, palm |
ɑr | ɑr | ar | ar | är | är | är | ahr | aar | är | - | ahr | är | a͡r | aar | är | aa r | ahr | ar | âr | ar | arm |
ɛ | ɛ | ε | e | e | ĕ | e | eh | e | e | ɛ | e | e | ě | e | e | eh | e | e (err) | ĕ | e (err) | let, head |
iː | i | i(y) | ee | ē | ē | ē | ee | ee | ē | ē | ee | ē | ē | ee | ē | iy | ee | ee | ē | ee | bee, see |
ɪər | ɪr | ιr | eer | i(ə)r | îr | ēr | ihr | eer | ir | ēr | eer | īr | ih r | eer | eer | ēr | eer | pier, near, here | |||
ɪ | ɪ | ɪ | i | i | ĭ | i | ih | i | i | i | i | i | ǐ | i | i | ih | i | i (irr) | ĭ | i (irr) | pit, city |
aɪ | aɪ | ay | eye, -y6 | ī | ī | ī | y | ī | ī | y | igh | ī | ī | ī | ī | ay | ahy | y | ī | y, eye | item, pie, by, my |
ɒ | ɑ | a | o | ä | ŏ | o | o | o | ä | o | ah | ä | ǒ | o | o | aa | o | o (orr) | ŏ | o (orr) | pot, not, wasp |
oʊ | o | o(w) | oh | ō | ō | ō | oh | ō | ō | ō | oh | ō | ō | ō | ō | ow | oh | oh | ō | oh | toe, no |
ɔː | ɔ | ɔ | aw | ô | ô | ô | aw | aw | ô | aw, o | aw | ȯ | aw | aw | ö | ao | aw | aw | ô | aw | caught, paw |
ɔr | ɔr | ɔr | or, awr | ôr | ôr | ȯr | awr | or | ôr | awr, or | north, war | ||||||||||
ɔər | or | o(w)r | or, ohr | awr, ohr | ōr | ohr, or | force, wore | ||||||||||||||
ɔɪ | ɔɪ | ɔy | oy | oi | oi | oi | oy | oy | oi | oy | oi | ȯi | oi | oy | oi | oy | oi | oy | oy | oy | noise, boy |
ʊ | ᴜ | ᴜ | uu | o͝o | o͝o | o͝o | u | o͝o | oo | u | oo | u̇ | o͝o | o͝o | ŭ2 | uh | oo | uu | ŏŏ | uu | took, put |
ʊər | ᴜr | ᴜr | oor | o͝or | o͝or | o͝or | ur | oor | u̇r | oor | oor | uh r | oor | oor | oor | oor | tour | ||||
uː | u | u(w) | oo | o͞o | o͞o | o͞o | oo | oo | o͞o | ū | oo: | ü | o͞o | o͞o | oo2 | uw | oo | oo | ōō | oo | boot, soon, through |
aʊ | aᴜ | aw | ow | ou | ou | ou | ow | ow | ou | ow | ow | au̇ | ow | ow | ow | aw | ou | ow | ow | ow | out, now |
ʌ | ʌ | ʌ | u | ə | ŭ | u | uh | u | u | ʋ | UH | ə | ǔ | u | u | ah | uh | u (urr) | ŭ | u (urr) | cut, run, enough |
ɜr, ɝː | ɜr | ur | ər | ər | ûr | ûr | ur | ur | ʉr | er | ER | ər | e͡r | ər | ûr | er | ur | ur | ûr | ur | urge, term, firm, word, heard, bird |
ə | ə | ə | ə | ə | ə | ə | uh | ə | ə | e | uh | ə | a, e, i, o, u | ə | ə | ah | uh | uh | ə | ə | about, item, gallop, circus |
ɨ | ɪ, ə | ə | ə, i 7 | ə, i | ə | ə | uh | ə | ə | e | uh | ə | a, e, i, o, u | ə | ə | ah | uh | i | i, ə | rabbit, edible, garbage | |
ər | ɚ | ər | ər | ər | ər | ər | uhr | ər | ər | er | er | ər | er | ər | ər | er | er | uhr | ər | ər | butter, winner |
juː | ju | yu | ew | yo͞o | yo͞o | yo͞o | yoo | yoo | yo͞o | yū | yoo: | yü | ū | yo͞o | ū | y uw | yoo | yoo | ū | ew | pupil |
a | ȧ | ᴀ | ȧ | ami | |||||||||||||||||
øː, œ | œ | ɔ̈ | œ | œ | ɶ | œ̄, œ | ɶ | oe | ö | feu, schön, zwölf | |||||||||||
yː, ʏ | y | ü | ʏ | ü | ʏ | u͞e, ue | ʏ | ue | ü | tu, über | |||||||||||
ɔ̃ | õ | ɔ̨ | ôɴ | ôɴ | ôɴ | ōⁿ | oɴ | awɴ | o(ng) | ôⁿ | bon 3 | ||||||||||
Stress | |||||||||||||||||||||
IPA1 | IPA2 | APA | WPRK | NOAD | AHD | RHD | WBO | MECD | DPL | DPN | NBC | MWCD | COD4 | POD | Cham | AB | Dictcom | BBC | Wikipedia¹ | Wikipedia² | Examples |
ˈa | ˋa | á | ᴀ | ˈa | aʹ | ˈa | a. | á | a' | 1 | a | A | a′ | A | primary (tonic) stress | ||||||
ˌa | ˊa | à | ˌa | aʹ 5 |
ˌa | (a.) | 2 | a | a | secondary stress | |||||||||||
a | a | a | a | 0 | a8 | a | a | tertiary stress |
Read more about this topic: Pronunciation Respelling For English
Famous quotes containing the words traditional and/or systems:
“If the technology cannot shoulder the entire burden of strategic change, it nevertheless can set into motion a series of dynamics that present an important challenge to imperative control and the industrial division of labor. The more blurred the distinction between what workers know and what managers know, the more fragile and pointless any traditional relationships of domination and subordination between them will become.”
—Shoshana Zuboff (b. 1951)
“People stress the violence. Thats the smallest part of it. Football is brutal only from a distance. In the middle of it theres a calm, a tranquility. The players accept pain. Theres a sense of order even at the end of a running play with bodies stewn everywhere. When the systems interlock, theres a satisfaction to the game that cant be duplicated. Theres a harmony.”
—Don Delillo (b. 1926)