Peltier is a French surname and may refer to:
- Jean Charles Athanase Peltier (1785-1845), French physicist, documented the Peltier effect
- Lee Peltier (born 1986), English football player
- Leonard Peltier (born 1944), Native American activist who was convicted of the murder of two FBI Agents
- Leslie Peltier (1900-1980), American astronomer
- Thérèse Peltier (1873-1926), French sculptress and aviator
- William Richard Peltier (born 1943), University of Toronto professor and physicist