Papua or Papuan may refer to:
- Relating to the island of New Guinea
- New Guinea is sometimes known as Papua
- Papuan people who are indigenous to New Guinea and all the Solomon Islands
- Papuan languages spoken by Papuan peoples
- Papua New Guinea independent country comprising the eastern half of the island of New Guinea
- Territory of Papua and New Guinea (1949-1975), Australian-administered predecessor of Papua New Guinea
- Territory of Papua (1884–1949), British/Australian-administered territory in southeastern New Guinea, united in 1949 with Territory of New Guinea to the north
- Papua Region, one of the four current regions of Papua New Guinea, roughly coterminous with the former Territory of Papua
- West Papua (region), the Indonesian western half of the island of New Guinea
- Papua conflict, separatist conflict in the region of West Papua
- Papua, Indonesia, the larger, eastern province within the region of West Papua
- West Papua (province), the smaller, western province within the region of West Papua
- Gulf of Papua on the south shore of New Guinea
- Other places
- Papua Beach, Cumberland West Bay, South Georgia
- Papua Island, off the north coast of Joinville Island, Antarctica
- Species names
- Amorphoscelis papua, praying mantis
- Canthigaster papua, pufferfish
- Hylarana papua, frog
- Mastigias papua, spotted jelly
- Nyctimystes papua, frog in the Hylidae family
- Pygoscelis papua, Gentoo penguin