Medical Entomology - Major Insect-born Disease

Major Insect-born Disease

• Dengue fever - Vectors: Aedes aegypti (main vector) Aedes albopictus (minor vector) threatens -50 million people are infected by dengue annually, 25,000 die. Threatens 2.5 billion people in more than 100 countries.

• Malaria - Vectors: Anopheles mosquitoes - 500 million become severely ill with malaria every year and more than 1 million die.

• Leishmaniasis - Vectors: species in the genus Lutzomyia in the New World and Phlebotomus in the Old World. Two million people infected.

• Bubonic plague - Principal vector: Xenopsylla cheopis At least 100 flea species can transmit plague. Re-emerging major threat several thousand human cases per year.High pathogenicity and rapid spread.

• Sleeping sickness - Vector: Tsetse fly, not all species. Sleeping sickness threatens millions of people in 36 countries of sub-Saharan Africa (WHO)

• Typhus - Vectors: mites, fleas and body lice 16 million cases a year, resulting in 600,000 deaths annually.

• Wuchereria bancrofti - most common vectors: the mosquito species: Culex, Anopheles, Mansonia, and Aedes; affects over 120 million people.

• Yellow Fever - Principal vectors: Aedes simpsoni, A. africanus, and A. aegypti in Africa, species in Haemagogus genus in South America, and species in Sabethes genus in France -200,000 estimated cases of yellow fever (with 30,000 deaths) per year.

Minor

• Ross River fever - Vector: Mosquitoes, main vectors A. vigilax, Aedes camptorhynchus, and Culex annulirostris

• Barmah Forest Virus - Vector: Known vectors Culex annulirostris, Ocleratus vigilax and O. camptorhynchus and Culicoides marksi

• Kunjin encephalitis (mosquitoes)

• Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) - Major mosquito vector: Culex annulirostris.

• Japanese encephalitis - Several mosquito vectors, the most important being Culex tritaeniorhynchus.

• West Nile virus - Vectors: vary according to geographical area; in the USA Culex pipiens (Eastern US), Culex tarsalis (Midwest and West), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Southeast) are the main vectors.

• Lyme disease - Vectors: several species of the genus Ixodes

• Alkhurma virus (KFDV) - Vector: tick

• Kyasanur forest disease - Vector: Haemaphysalis spinigera

• Brugia timori filariasis - Primary vector: Anopheles barbirostris

• Babesia - Vector Ixodes ticks.

• Carrion's disease - Vectors: sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia.

• Chagas disease - Vector: assassin bugs of the subfamily Triatominae. The major vectors are species in the genera Triatoma, Rhodnius, and Panstrongylus.

• Chikungunya - Vectors: Aedes mosquitoes

• Human ewingii ehrlichiosis - Vector: Amblyomma americanum

• Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis - Vector: Ixodes scapularis

• Rift Valley Fever (RVF) - Vectors: fleas in the genera Aedes and Culex

• Scrub typhus - Vector: Chigger

• Loa loa filariasis - Vector: Chrysops sp.