List of State Leaders in 1988 - Europe

Europe

  • Albania
    • Communist Party Leader - Ramiz Alia, First Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labor (1985–1991)
    • Head of State - Ramiz Alia, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly of Albania (1982–1991)
    • Premier - Adil Çarçani, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Albania (1981–1991)
  • Andorra -
    • Monarchs -
      • French Co-Prince - François Mitterrand, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1981–1995)
      • Episcopal Co-Prince - Joan Martí i Alanis, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1971–2003)
    • Prime Minister - Josep Pintat-Solans, Head of Government of Andorra (1984–1990)
  • Austria -
    • President - Kurt Waldheim, Federal President of Austria (1986–1992)
    • Chancellor - Franz Vranitzky, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1986–1997)
  • Belgium -
    • Monarch - Baudouin, King of the Belgians (1951–1993)
    • Prime Minister - Wilfried Martens, Prime Minister of Belgium (1981–1992)
  • Bulgaria -
    • Communist Party Leader - Todor Zhivkov, General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party (1954–1989)
    • Head of State - Todor Zhivkov, Chairman of the State Council of Bulgaria (1971–1989)
    • Premier - Georgi Atanasov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1986–1990)
  • Cyprus -
    • President -
      1. Spyros Kyprianou, President of Cyprus (1977–1988)
      2. George Vasiliou, President of Cyprus (1988–1993)
    • Northern Cyprus (unrecognized, secessionist state)
      • President - Rauf Denktaş, President of Northern Cyprus (1975–2005)
      • Prime Minister - Derviş Eroğlu, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (1985–1994)
  • Czechoslovakia -
    • Communist Party Leader - Miloš Jakeš, General Secretary of the Communisty Party of Czechoslovakia (1987–1989)
    • President - Gustáv Husák, President of Czechoslovakia (1975–1989)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Lubomír Štrougal, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1970–1988)
      2. Ladislav Adamec, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1988–1989)
  • Denmark
    • Monarch - Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark (1972–present)
    • Prime Minister - Poul Schlüter, Prime Minister of Denmark (1982–1993)
  • Finland -
    • President - Mauno Koivisto, President of Finland (1981–1994)
    • Prime Minister - Harri Holkeri, Prime Minister of Finland (1987–1991)
  • France -
    • President - François Mitterrand, President of France (1981–1995)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Jacques Chirac, Prime Minister of France (1986–1988)
      2. Michel Rocard, Prime Minister of France (1988–1991)
  • East Germany (German Democratic Republic) -
    • Communist Party Leader - Erich Honecker, General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (1971–1989)
    • Head of State - Erich Honecker, Chairman of the Council of State of East Germany (1976–1989)
    • Premier - Willi Stoph, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of East Germany (1976–1989)
  • West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) -
    • President - Richard von Weizsäcker, Federal President of West Germany (1984–1994)
    • Chancellor - Helmut Kohl, Federal Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1998)
  • Greece -
    • President - Christos Sartzetakis, President of Greece (1985–1990)
    • Prime Minister - Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (1981–1989)
  • Hungary -
    • Communist Party Leader-
      1. János Kádár, General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (1956–1988)
      2. Károly Grósz, General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (1988–1989)
    • Head of State -
      1. Károly Németh, Chairman of the Presidential Council of Hungary (1987–1988)
      2. Brunó Ferenc Straub, Chairman of the Presidential Council of Hungary (1988–1989)
    • Premier -
      1. Károly Grósz, President of the Council of Ministers of Hungary (1987–1988)
      2. Miklós Németh, President of the Council of Ministers of Hungary (1988–1990)
  • Iceland -
    • President - Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, President of Iceland (1980–1996)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Þorsteinn Pálsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1987–1988)
      2. Steingrímur Hermannsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1988–1991)
  • Ireland -
    • President - Patrick Hillery, President of Ireland (1976–1990)
    • Prime Minister - Charles Haughey, Taoiseach of Ireland (1987–1992)
  • Italy -
    • President - Francesco Cossiga, President of Italy (1985–1992)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Giovanni Goria, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1987–1988)
      2. Ciriaco De Mita, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1988–1989)
  • Liechtenstein -
    • Monarch - Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1938–1989)
    • Regent - Prince Hans-Adam, Regent of Liechtenstein (1984–1989)
    • Prime Minister - Hans Brunhart, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1978–1993)
  • Luxembourg -
    • Monarch - Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1964–2000)
    • Prime Minister - Jacques Santer, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1984–1995)
  • Malta -
    • Head of State - Paul Xuereb, Acting President of Malta (1987–1989)
    • Prime Minister - Eddie Fenech Adami, Prime Minister of Malta (1987–1996)
  • Monaco -
    • Monarch - Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (1949–2005)
    • Head of Government - Jean Ausseil, Minister of State of Monaco (1985–1991)
  • Kingdom of the Netherlands
    • Monarch - Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands (1980–present)
    • Netherlands (constituent country)
      • Prime Minister - Ruud Lubbers, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1982–1994)
    • Netherlands Antilles (constituent country)
      • see under North America
    • Aruba (constituent country)
      • see under North America
  • Norway -
    • Monarch - Olav V, King of Norway (1957–1991)
    • Prime Minister - Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway (1986–1989)
  • Poland -
    • Communist Party Leader - Wojciech Jaruzelski, Secretary-General of the Polish United Workers' Party (1981–1989)
    • President - Wojciech Jaruzelski, President of Poland (1985–1990)
    • Premier -
      1. Zbigniew Messner, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1985–1988)
      2. Mieczysław Rakowski, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1988–1989)
  • Portugal -
    • President - Mário Soares, President of Portugal (1986–1996)
    • Prime Minister - Aníbal Cavaco Silva, Prime Minister of Portugal (1985–1995)
  • Romania -
    • Communist Party Leader - Nicolae Ceauşescu, General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party (1965–1989)
    • President - Nicolae Ceauşescu, President of Romania (1967–1989)
    • Premier - Constantin Dăscălescu, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1982–1989)
  • San Marino -
    • Captains-Regent -
      1. Rossano Zafferani and Gian Franco Terenzi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1987–1988)
      2. Umberto Barulli and Rosolino Martelli, Captains Regent of San Marino (1988)
      3. Luciano Cardelli and Reves Salvatori, Captains Regent of San Marino (1988–1989)
  • Soviet Union -
    • Communist Party Leader - Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)
    • Head of State -
      1. Andrei Gromyko, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1985–1988)
      2. Mikhail Gorbachev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1988–1991)
    • Premier - Nikolai Ryzhkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)
  • Spain
    • Monarch - Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (1975–present)
    • Prime Minister - Felipe González, President of the Government of Spain (1982–1996)
  • Sweden -
    • Monarch - Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden (1973–present)
    • Prime Minister - Ingvar Carlsson, Prime Minister of Sweden (1986–1991)
  • Switzerland
    • Swiss Federal Council:
      Otto Stich (1983–1995, President), Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1983–1998), Elisabeth Kopp (1984–1989), Arnold Koller (1986–1999), Flavio Cotti (1986–1999), René Felber (1987–1993), Adolf Ogi (1987–2000), Kaspar Villiger (1989–2003)
  • United Kingdom -
    • Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952–present)
    • Prime Minister - Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1979–1990)
    • Guernsey (British Crown dependency)
      • Lieutenant-Governor - Sir Alexander Boswell, Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey (1985–1990)
      • Bailiff - Sir Charles Frossard, Bailiff of Guernsey (1982–1992)
    • Jersey (British Crown dependency)
      • Lieutenant-Governor - Sir William Pillar, Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey (1985–1990)
      • Bailiff - Sir Peter Crill, Bailiff of Jersey (1986–1995)
    • Isle of Man (British Crown dependency)
      • Lieutenant-Governor - Laurence New, Lieutenant-Governor of Man (1985–1990)
      • Chief minister - Miles Walker, Chief Minister of the Isle of Man (1986–1996)
    • Gibraltar (British dependent territory)
      • Governor - Sir Peter Terry, Governor of Gibraltar (1985–1989)
      • Chief Minister -
        1. Adolfo Canepa, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (1987–1988)
        2. Joe Bossano, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (1988–1996)
  • Vatican City
    • Monarch - Pope John Paul II, Sovereign of Vatican City (1978–2005)
    • President of the Governorate - Sebastiano Baggio, President of the Governorate of Vatican City (1984–1990)
    • Holy See
      • Secretary of State - Agostino Casaroli, Cardinal Secretary of State (1979–1990)
  • Yugoslavia -
    • Communist Party Leader -
      1. Boško Krunić, President of the Presidium of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1987–1988)
      2. Stipe Šuvar, President of the Presidium of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1988–1989)
    • Head of State -
      1. Lazar Mojsov, Chairman of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1987–1988)
      2. Raif Dizdarević, Chairman of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1988–1989)
    • Premier - Branko Mikulić, Chairman of the Federal Executive Council of Yugoslavia (1986–1989)

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Famous quotes containing the word europe:

    “We are participants, whether we would or not, in the life of the world.... We are partners with the rest. What affects mankind is inevitably our affair as well as the nations of Europe and Asia.”
    —Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924)

    “Never before since Jamestown and Plymouth Rock has our American civilization been in such danger as now.... [The Nazis] have made it clear that not only do they intend to dominate all life and thought in their own country, but also to enslave the whole of Europe, and then to use the resources of Europe to dominate the rest of the world.”
    —Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945)

    “What passes for identity in America is a series of myths about one’s heroic ancestors. It’s astounding to me, for example, that so many people really seem to believe that the country was founded by a band of heroes who wanted to be free. That happens not to be true. What happened was that some people left Europe because they couldn’t stay there any longer and had to go someplace else to make it. They were hungry, they were poor, they were convicts.”
    —James Baldwin (1924–1987)