List of State Leaders in 1878 - Europe

Europe

  • Andorra - Patrice Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta (President of France) and Josep Caixal i Estradé (Bishop of Urgel), co-Princes (1873–1879 and 1853–1879)
  • Austria-Hungary - Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1848–1916)
    • Minister-President of Austria - Prince Adolf Wilhelm Daniel von Auersperg (1871–1879)
    • Minister-President of Hungary - Kálmán Tisza (1875–1890)
  • Belgium
    • Monarch - Léopold II, King of the Belgians (1865–1909)
    • Cabinet Chief -
      1. Jules Malou, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1871–1878, 1884)
      2. H.-J.-W. Frère-Orban, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1868–1870, 1878–1884)
  • Denmark
    • Monarch - Christian IX, King of Denmark (1863–1906)
    • Prime Minister - Jakob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup, Prime Minister of Denmark (1875–1894)
  • France -
    • President - Patrice Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta, President of France (1873–1879)
    • Prime Minister - Jules Dufaure, President of the Council (1877–1879)
  • Germany -
    • Monarch - Wilhelm I, German Emperor (1871–1888)
    • Chancellor - Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany (1871–1890)
    • see also List of German rulers in 1878
  • Greece -
    • Monarch - George I, King of the Hellenes (1863–1913)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime Minister of Greece (1877–1878)
      2. Charilaos Trikoupis, Prime Minister of Greece (1878)
      3. Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime Minister of Greece (1878–1880)
  • Holy See
    1. Pope Pius IX (1846–1878)
    2. Pope Leo XIII (1878–1903)
  • Italy
    • Monarch -
      1. Vittorio Emanuele II, King of Italy (1861–1878)
      2. Umberto I, King of Italy (1878–1900)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Agostino Depretis, Prime Minister of Italy (1876–1878)
      2. Benedetto Cairoli, Prime Minister of Italy (1878)
      3. Agostino Depretis, Prime Minister of Italy (1878–1879)
  • Liechtenstein - Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1858–1929)
  • Luxembourg
    • Monarch - William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
    • Prime Minister - Félix de Blochausen, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1874–1885)
  • Monaco - Charles III, Prince of Monaco (1856–1889)
  • Montenegro - Nicholas I, Prince of Montenegro (1860-1910/1918/1921)
  • Netherlands
    • Monarch - William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
    • Prime Minister - Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministers (1877–1879)
  • Norway - United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Oscar II, King of Norway (1872–1905)
  • Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
    • Monarch - Abdülhamit II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1876–1909)
    • Grand Vizier - Tunuslu Ibrahim Edhem Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier (1877- 1878 position discontinued)
    • Chief Minister -
      1. Ahmed Hamdi Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878)
      2. Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878)
      3. Mehmed Sadik Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878)
      4. Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878)
      5. Saffet Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878)
      6. Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878–1879)
  • Portugal - Luis I, King of Portugal (1861–1889)
  • Romania - Carol I, Prince of Romania (1866-1881/1914)
  • Russia - Alexander II, Tsar of Russia (1855–1881)
  • San Marino -
    1. Giuliano Belluzzi and Pietro Ugolini, Captains-General (1877–1878)
    2. Domenico Fattori and Marino Babboni, Captains-General (1878)
    3. Camillo Bonelli and Pietro Berti, Captains-General (1878–1879)
  • Serbia - Milan II, Prince of Serbia (1868-1882/1889)
  • Spain -
    • Monarch - Alfonso XII of Spain, King of Spain (1875–1885)
    • Prime Minister - Antonio Cánovas Del Castillo, Prime Minister of Spain (1874–1875, 1875–1879, 1879–1881, 1884–1885, 1890–1892, 1895–1897)
  • Sweden - United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
    • Monarch - Oscar II, King of Sweden (1872–1907)
    • Prime Minister - Louis Gerhard De Geer, Prime Minister of Sweden (1876–1880)
  • Switzerland - Karl Schenk, President of the Swiss Confederation (1878)
  • United Kingdom -
    • Monarch - Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837–1901)
    • Prime Minister - The Earl of Beaconsfield, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1868, 1874–1880)

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