List of State Leaders in 1861 - Europe

Europe

• Abkhazia - Mikheil, Prince of Abkhazia (1822–1864)
• Belgium
  • Monarch - Léopold I, King of the Belgians (1831–1865)
  • Cabinet Chief - Charles Rogier, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1847–1852, 1857–1868)
• Denmark -
  • Monarch - Frederick VII, King of Denmark (1848–1863)
  • Prime Minister - Carl Christian Hall, Prime Minister of Denmark (1860–1863)
• France - Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (1852–1870)
• Italy
  • Monarch - Vittorio Emanuele II, King of Italy (1861–1878)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Conte di Cavour, Prime Minister of Italy (1861)
    2. Bettino Ricasoli, Prime Minister of Italy (1861–1862)
• German Confederation - Franz Joseph of Austria, President of the German Confederation (1850–1866)
  • Austria - Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria (1848–1916)
  • Luxembourg
    • Monarch - William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
    • Prime Minister - Victor, Baron de Tornaco, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1860–1867)
  • Prussia -
    • Monarch -
      1. Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia (1840–1861)
      2. Wilhelm I, King of Prussia (1861–1888)
    • Regent -
      1. Prince Wilhelm, Regent of Prussia (1858–1861)
      2. became King
    • Prime Minister - Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Minister-President of Prussia (1858–1862)
  • Bavaria - Maximilian II, King of Bavaria (1848–1864)
  • Saxony - Johann, King of Saxony (1854–1873)
  • Hanover - George, King of Hanover (1851–1866)
  • Württemberg - William, King of Württemberg (1816–1864)
• Greece -
  • Monarch - Otto, King of Greece (1832–1862)
  • Prime Minister - Athanasios Miaoulis, Prime Minister of Greece (1857–1862)
• Hungary - Franz Joseph I of Austria, King of Hungary (1848–1916)
• Netherlands
  • Monarch - William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Floris Adriaan van Hall, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministers (1853–1857, 1860–1861)
    2. Jacob van Zuylen van Nijevelt, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministers (1861)
    3. Schelto van Heemstra, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministers (1861–1862)
• Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
  • Monarch -
    1. Abd-ul-Mejid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1839–1861)
    2. Abd-ul-Aziz, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1861–1876)
  • Grand Vizier -
    1. Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier (1860–1861)
    2. Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier (1861)
    3. Keçecizade Mehmet Fuat Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier (1861–1863)

• Portugal -
  1. Pedro V, King of Portugal (1853–1861)
  2. Luis, King of Portugal (1861–1889)
• Romania - Alexander John Cuza, Prince of Romania (1859–1866)
• Russia - Alexander II, Tsar of Russia (1855–1881)
• Spain - Isabella II, Queen of Spain (September 29, 1833–1868)
• Sweden - United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Charles XV, King of Sweden (1859–1872)
• United Kingdom -
  • Monarch - Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837–1901)
  • Prime Minister - Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1859–1865)