Atomic Spectroscopy - Ion and Atom Sources

Ion and Atom Sources

Sources can be adapted in many ways, but the lists below give the general uses of a number of sources. Of these, flames are the most common due to their low cost and their simplicity. Although significantly less common, inductively-coupled plasmas, especially when used with mass spectrometers, are recognized for their outstanding analytical performance and their versatility.

For all atomic spectroscopy, a sample must be vaporized and atomized. For atomic mass spectrometry, a sample must also be ionized. Vaporization, atomization, and ionization are often, but not always, accomplished with a single source. Alternatively, one source may be used to vaporize a sample while another is used to atomize (and possibly ionize). An example of this would be laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, where a laser is used to vaporize a solid sample and an inductively-coupled plasma is used to atomize the vapor.

With the exception of flames and graphite furnaces, which are most commonly used for atomic absorption spectroscopy, most sources are used primarily for atomic emission spectroscopy.

Liquid-sampling sources include:

• Flames and sparks (atom source)
• Inductively-coupled plasma (atom and ion source)
• Graphite furnace (atom source)
• Microwave plasma (atom and ion source)
• Direct-current plasma (atom and ion source)

Solid-sampling sources include

• Lasers (atom and vapor source)
• Glow discharge (atom and ion source)
• Arc (atom and ion source)
• Spark (atom and ion source)
• Graphite furnace (atom and vapor source)

Gas-sampling sources include

• Flame (atom source)
• Inductively-coupled plasma (atom and ion source)
• Microwave plasma (atom and ion source)
• Direct-current plasma (atom and ion source)
• Glow discharge (atom and ion source)