Sakharov (Russian: Сахаров) is a Russian surname. It may refer to:
- 1979 Sakharov, a main-belt asteroid named for Andrei Sakharov
- Sakharov (film), a 1984 TV film starring Jason Robards as Andrei Sakharov
- Aleksandr Andreyevich Sakharov (1865-1942), Russian esperantist
- Andrei Sakharov (1921–1989), Soviet physicist and dissident
- Andrey Nikolayevich Sakharov (born 1930), Russian historian
- Anton Sakharov (born 1982), Russian footballer
- Nikita Sakharov (1915-1945), Soviet Evenk writer
- Vladimir Sakharov (born 1948), former Soviet footballer
- Vladimir Viktorovich Sakharov (1853-1920), Russian General who served in the Russian Imperial Army.
- Vladimir Vyacheslavovich Sakharov, Ukrainian politician
- Yuri Sakharov (1922–1981), Ukrainian chess master
- Professor Sakharov, from the video game S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl