Outside Influences
The language also has some vocabulary from languages outside the Torres Strait area, from the Indonesian, Malay, Filipino, English and other 'outsiders'. Where loan words from the Western Austronesian (Indonesian, etc.) loans are concerned, it is possible that some such came into the language in pre-European contact days, with the Makassans and similar fishermen/traders who visited northern Australia and Torres Strait.
Examples of post-European contact Western Austronesian loan words:
| item | Kalaw Lagaw Ya | origin |
|---|---|---|
| coconut toddy | thúba | tuba (Eastern Indonesian or Filipino) |
| trumps (in cards) | záru | zaru/jaru (Eastern Indonesian or Filipino) |
| mate, friend, brother | bala Boigu variants bœra, baya |
bela/bala (Eastern Indonesian or Filipino) |
| bœlasan | blachan | belacan (Malay) |
Some words in the language, assuming that they are Western Austronesian loans, appear to be pre-contact words. This is suggested both by their forms, but also that their use in the language (and in neighbouring languages) seems to indicate this.
Possible pre-European Contact Western Austronesian words in Kalaw Lagaw Ya (Some of these words are ultimately from Arabic, Sanskrit and possibly Portuguese. Ngajedan 1987.)
| Kalaw Lagaw Ya | meaning | possible source | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| aya (KKY) aye (KLY,KulY,KY) |
come! (singular) | ayo Malay | come! |
| bayu (KulY,KY) baaiwa (KLY) |
waterspout | bayu Malay (Sanskrit vayu) |
wind |
| ádhi | huge, great (also as an honorific) story (with cultural, religious or similar significance) 'story stone or rock', i.e. a rock or stone that represents or is someone or something with sacred or cultural aignificance, which is explained by the story about the rock or stone |
adi Malay (Sanskrit adhi) |
huge, great (also as an honorific) |
| kœdal(a) | crocodile | kadal Malay kadalaq Makasarese |
lizard |
| pawa | deed, action, custom | paal Malay (Arabic fa’la |
deed, action |
In the KKY dialect of Kalaw Lagaw Ya, waterspout is markai gùb(a) spirit wind; waterspouts were one of the weapons of the markai who mainly came from the west/north-west i.e. from what is now Indonesia) in the NW monsoon season (when waterspouts are common), and went back to the west/north-west with the SE trades.
The postulation of pawa as being an early loan from Malay is extremely hypothetical - and suggested not only by the form of the word, but also the loss of the final -l. Two early English loans underwent a similar change, which in essence is a back formation from what in the language appeared to be a plural. Most nouns (a) form the plural with an -l suffix, and (b) in the nominative-accusative singular elide the stem final vowel, as in tukuyapa- same-sex sibling, plural tukuyapal, nominative-accusative tukuyap, and under this model custard-apple became Kalaw Lagaw Ya katitap, plural katitapal, and the word mammy-apple (pawpaw/papaya) became Kalaw Lagaw Ya mamiyap, plural mamiyapal
Assuming that Malay paal was borrowed as *pawal, with the glottal stop being converted to w, as the language does not have the glottal stop, *pawal would be seen as a plural, with the singular *pawa, under the model (in this case) of kawal islands, kawa island.
Modern Eastern Austronesian Loans (Polynesian and Melanesian) into the language are mainly of religious or 'academic' use. In general such words are terms for objects that are strictly speaking European goods. One exception is the last in the following table, which has virtually replaced the traditional words imi spouse’s opposite-sex sibling, opposite sibling’s spouse and ngaubath spouse’s same-sex sibling, same-sex sibling’s spouse. These have also similarly been replaced by the English loan woman (pronounced ) in the meaning of sister/daughter-in-law.
| Kalaw Lagaw Ya | meaning | origin | language | meaning in originating language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| thúsi | book, document, letter, etc. | tusi | Samoan | (same meaning) |
| laulau | table | laulau | Samoan | plaited coconut leaf used as a tray |
| wakasu | anointment oil | wakacu | Dehu | coconut oil |
| thawiyan (emotive form thawi) |
brother/son-in-law | tawean | Vanuatu | brother-in-law |
Other biblical loans are from Greek, Latin and Hebrew:
| Kalaw Lagaw Ya | meaning | origin | language | meaning in originating language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| basalaya | kingdom | basileia | Greek | id. |
| aretho | holy communion | artos | Greek | id. |
| Sathana | Satan | satan | Hebrew | id. |
| Sabadh(a) | Sunday | sabbath | Hebrew | Saturday (Sabbath) |
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