Imidazopyridine

The imidazopyridines are a class of drugs defined by their chemical structure. They are generally GABA_A receptor agonists, however recently proton pump inhibitors in this class have been developed as well. Despite usually being similar to them in effect, they are not chemically related to benzodiazepines. As such, GABA_A agonizing imidazopyridines, pyrazolopyrimidines, and cyclopyrrones are sometimes grouped together and referred to as "nonbenzodiazepines." Imidazopyridines include:

GABA_A Receptor Agonists

Zolpidem (Ambien)
Alpidem
Saripidem
Necopidem
DS-1 (drug)

Proton Pump Inhibitors

Tenatoprazole

GABAergics

Receptor
ligands

GABA_A	Agonists: Main site: Bamaluzole Gaboxadol Ibotenic acid Isoguvacine Isonipecotic acid Muscimol (Amanita Muscaria) Progabide SL 75102 Thiomuscimol Tolgabide; Positive allosteric modulators: Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Carbamates Chlormezanone Clomethiazole Ethanol (Alcohol) Etomidate Kavalactones (Kava) Loreclezole Metomidate Neuroactive steroids Nonbenzodiazepines (β-Carbolines, Cyclopyrrolones, Imidazopyridines, Pyrazolopyrimidines, etc.) Phenols Piperidinediones Propanidid Pyrazolopyridines Quinazolinones ROD-188 Skullcap Stiripentol Valerenic acid (Valerian) Note: See the GABA_A receptor PAMs navbox for a full list of GABA_A positive allosteric modulators. Antagonists: Main site: Bicuculline Gabazine Pitrazepin Quisqualamine; Negative allosteric modulators: α5IA Bilobalide Cicutoxin Cyclothiazide DMCM Flumazenil Flurothyl Furosemide Iomazenil (123I) L-655,708 Oenanthotoxin Penicillin Pentylenetetrazol Picrotoxin PWZ-029 Radequinil Ro15-4513 Sarmazenil Suritozole Terbequinil Thujone Thiocolchicoside ZK-93426

GABA_B	Agonists: Main site: 1,4-Butanediol Baclofen GBL GHB GHV GVL Lesogaberan Phenibut Progabide SKF-97,541 Tolgabide; Positive allosteric modulators: BHF-177 BHFF BSPP CGP-7930 GS-39783 Antagonists: Main site: CGP-35348 Phaclofen Saclofen SCH-50911

GABA_C	Agonists: Main site: CACA CAMP GABOB N4-Chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside Progabide Tolgabide Antagonists: Main site: Bilobalide TPMPA

Reuptake
inhibitors

Plasmalemmal

GAT inhibitors	CI-966 Deramciclane EF-1502 Gabaculine Guvacine Nipecotic acid NNC 05-2090 SKF-89976A SNAP-5114 Tiagabine

Enzyme
inhibitors

Anabolism

GAD inhibitors	Allylglycine

Catabolism

GABA-T inhibitors	3-Hydrazinopropionic acid Aminooxyacetic acid Gabaculine Isoniazid Phenelzine Phenylethylidenehydrazine Sodium valproate Valnoctamide Valproate pivoxil Valproate semisodium (Divalproex sodium) Valproic acid Valpromide Vigabatrin

Others

Precursors	Glutamate Glutamine

Cofactors	Vitamin B₆ (pyridoxine pyridoxamine pyridoxal phosphate)

Others	Gabapentin Hopantenic acid Picamilon Pregabalin -Theanine

Hypnotics/sedatives (N05C)

GABA_A agonists/PAMs	Barbiturates: Allobarbital • Amobarbital • Aprobarbital • Barbital • Butabarbital • Butobarbital • Cyclobarbital • Ethallobarbital • Heptabarb • Hexobarbital • Mephobarbital • Methohexital • Pentobarbital • Phenallymal • Phenobarbital • Propylbarbital • Proxibarbal • Reposal • Secobarbital • Talbutal • Thiamylal • Thiopental • Vinbarbital • Vinylbital Benzodiazepines: Brotizolam • Clonazepam • Cinolazepam • Climazolam • Doxefazepam • Estazolam • Flunitrazepam • Flurazepam • Flutoprazepam • Haloxazolam • Loprazolam • Lorazepam •Lormetazepam • Midazolam • Nimetazepam • Nitrazepam • Quazepam • Temazepam • Triazolam Carbamates: Carisoprodol • Ethinamate • Hexapropymate • Meprobamate • Methocarbamol • Procymate • Tybamate Neuroactive Steroids: Acebrochol • Allopregnanolone • Alphadolone • Alphaxolone • Eltanolone • Ganaxolone • Hydroxydione • Minaxolone • Org 20599 • Org 21465 • Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone Nonbenzodiazepines: CL-218,872 • Eszopiclone • Indiplon • JM-1232 • Lirequinil • Necopidem • Pazinaclone • ROD-188 • Saripidem • Suproclone • Suriclone • SX-3228 • U-89843A • U-90042 • Zaleplon • Zolpidem • Zopiclone Phenols: Fospropofol • Propofol Piperidinediones: Glutethimide • Methyprylon • Pyrithyldione • Piperidione Quinazolinones: Afloqualone • Cloroqualone • Diproqualone • Etaqualone • Mebroqualone • Mecloqualone • Methaqualone • Methylmethaqualone • Nitromethaqualone • SL-164 Volatiles/gases: 2-Methyl-2-butanol • Acetophenone • Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate • Centalun • Chloral hydrate • Ethanol (Alcohol) • Paraldehyde • Trichloroethanol Others: Bromide (Lithium bromide, Potassium bromide, Sodium bromide) • Chloralose • Chloralodol • Clomethiazole • Dichloralphenazone • Ethchlorvynol • Etomidate • Gaboxadol • Loreclezole • Methylpentynol • Metomidate • Org 25435 • Petrichloral • Sulfonmethane • Triclofos • Valerenic acid (Valerian)

GABA_B agonists	1,4-Butanediol • Aceburic acid • GABOB • GHB (Sodium oxybate) • GBL • GVL

H₁ inverse agonists	Antihistamines: Captodiame • Cyproheptadine • Diphenhydramine • Doxylamine • Hydroxyzine • Methapyrilene • Pheniramine • Promethazine • Propiomazine Antidepressants: Tricyclic antidepressants (Amitriptyline, Doxepin, Trimipramine, etc.) • Tetracyclic antidepressants (Mianserin, Mirtazapine, etc.) Antipsychotics: Typical antipsychotics (Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, etc.) • Atypical antipsychotics (Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Risperidone, etc.)

α₁-Adrenergic antagonists	Antidepressants: Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (Trazodone) • Tricyclic antidepressants (Amitriptyline, Doxepin, Trimipramine, etc.) • Tetracyclic antidepressants (Mianserin) Antipsychotics: Typical antipsychotics (Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, etc.) • Atypical antipsychotics (Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Risperidone, etc.) Others: Niaprazine

α₂-Adrenergic agonists	4-NEMD • Clonidine • Detomidine • Dexmedetomidine • Lofexidine • Medetomidine • Romifidine • Tizanidine • Xylazine

5-HT_2A antagonists	Antidepressants: Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (Trazodone) • Tricyclic antidepressants (Amitriptyline, Doxepin, Trimipramine, etc.) • Tetracyclic antidepressants (Mianserin, Mirtazapine, etc.) Antipsychotics: Typical antipsychotics (Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, etc.) • Atypical antipsychotics (Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Risperidone, etc.) Others: Eplivanserin • Niaprazine • Pruvanserin • Volinanserin

Melatonin agonists	Agomelatine • LY-156,735 • Melatonin • Ramelteon • Tasimelteon

Orexin antagonists	Almorexant • SB-334,867 • SB-408,124 • SB-649,868 • Suvorexant • TCS-OX2-29

Others	Acecarbromal • Apronal • Bromisoval • Cannabidiol (Cannabis) • Carbromal • Embutramide • Evoxine • Fenadiazole • Gabapentin • Kavalactones (Kava) • Mephenoxalone • Opioids (Oxycodone, Morphine (Opium), etc.) • Passion flower • Scopolamine (Mandrake) • Valnoctamide

Anxiolytics (N05B)

GABA_A PAMs

Benzodiazepine	Adinazolam Alprazolam Bretazenil Bromazepam Camazepam Chlordiazepoxide Clobazam Clonazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam Diazepam Ethyl Loflazepate Etizolam Fludiazepam Halazepam Imidazenil Ketazolam Lorazepam Medazepam Nordazepam Oxazepam Pinazepam Prazepam

Carbamates	Emylcamate Mebutamate Meprobamate (Carisoprodol, Tybamate) Phenprobamate Procymate

Nonbenzodiazepines	Abecarnil Adipiplon Alpidem CGS-8216 CGS-9896 CGS-13767 CGS-20625 Divaplon ELB-139 Fasiplon GBLD-345 Gedocarnil L-838,417 NS-2664 NS-2710 Ocinaplon Pagoclone Panadiplon Pipequaline RWJ-51204 SB-205,384 SL-651,498 Taniplon TP-003 TP-13 TPA-023 Y-23684 ZK-93423

Pyrazolopyridines	Cartazolate Etazolate ICI-190,622 Tracazolate

Others	Chlormezanone Ethanol (Alcohol) Etifoxine Kavalactones (Kava Kava) Skullcap Valerenic Acid (Valerian)

α₂δ VDCC Blockers

Gabapentin
Pregabalin

5-HT_1A Agonists

Azapirones: Buspirone
Gepirone
Tandospirone; Others: Flesinoxan
Naluzotan
Oxaflozane

H₁ Antagonists

Diphenylmethanes: Captodiame
Hydroxyzine; Others: Brompheniramine
Chlorpheniramine
Pheniramine

CRH₁ Antagonists

Antalarmin
CP-154,526
Pexacerfont
Pivagabine

NK₂ Antagonists

GR-159,897
Saredutant

MCH₁ antagonists

ATC-0175
SNAP-94847

mGluR₂_/₃ Agonists

Eglumegad

mGluR5 NAMs

Fenobam

TSPO agonists

DAA-1097
DAA-1106
Emapunil
FGIN-127
FGIN-143

σ₁ agonists

Afobazole
Opipramol

Others

Benzoctamine
Carbetocin
Demoxytocin
Mephenoxalone
Mepiprazole
Oxanamide
Oxytocin
Promoxolane
Tofisopam
Trimetozine
WAY-267,464

#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- †Phase III
- §Never to phase III

M: PSO/PSI

mepr

dsrd (o, p, m, p, a, d, s), sysi/epon, spvo

proc(eval/thrp), drug(N5A/5B/5C/6A/6B/6D)

Drugs for acid related disorders: Drugs for peptic ulcer and GERD/GORD (A02B)

H₂ antagonists ("-tidine")

Cimetidine
Famotidine
Lafutidine
Loxtidine
Niperotidine
Nizatidine
Ranitidine
Roxatidine

Prostaglandins (E)/analogues ("-prost-")

Misoprostol
Enprostil

Proton-pump inhibitors ("-prazole")

Dexlansoprazole
Esomeprazole
Lansoprazole
Omeprazole
Pantoprazole
Rabeprazole
Tenatoprazole

Other

Acetoxolone
Alginic acid
Carbenoxolone
Cetraxate
Gefarnate
Pirenzepine
Telenzepine
Proglumide
Sucralfate
Sulglicotide
Teprenone
Troxipide
Zolimidine
Rebamipide

See also: Helicobacter pylori eradication protocols

M: DIG

anat(t, g, p)/phys/devp/enzy

noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon

proc, drug(A2A/2B/3/4/5/6/7/14/16), blte

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