Central and Eastern Europe
In many countries, with academic traditions that stem from German-speaking countries, "docent" is an academic appointment below that of a professor. This is the situation in Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Docent is the lowest academic title that confers the right to teach at the university, below the extraordinary professor (associate professor in English parlance) and ordinary professor (full professor).
In Poland, the title of docent formerly was mandatory in order to become a professor (i.e., full professor). This is no longer a requirement and this title nearly vanished in the last 20 years. Currently, this title may be given to a person on non-scientist duty (teacher/instructor). Only a person on scientist duty may apply for the title of professor; therefore, docent is the highest title for teachers and instructors.
In countries such as Lithuania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Russia and Ukraine, "docent" is used as an academic title equivalent to associate professor.
In most of former Yugoslav countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia, the system of academic ranks is similar to that of North America. The academic rank of docent corresponds to assistant professor.
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