Virial Theorem - in Astrophysics

In Astrophysics

The virial theorem is frequently applied in astrophysics, especially relating the gravitational potential energy of a system to its kinetic or thermal energy. Some common virial relations are,

,

for a mass, radius, velocity, and temperature . And the constants are Newton's constant, the Boltzmann constant, and proton mass . Note that these relations are only approximate, and often the leading numerical factors (e.g. 3/5 or 1/2) are neglected entirely.