Sterile or sterility may refer to:
- Sterilization (microbiology), a term referring to any process that eliminates or kills all forms of life from an item or field
- Sterility (physiology), an inability of a living organism to effect sexual reproduction
- Infertility, the condition of a person being unable to bear children, especially through natural means
- Asepsis, a state of being free from biological contaminants
- Sterile deposit, a geological strata free of archaeological materials
- Sterile Records, a record label formed in London in 1979 by Nigel Ayers and Caroline K of the post-industrial music group Nocturnal Emissions