Organic Society
Several centuries before Western civilisation developed the science of sociology, the 14th century Islamic scholar Ibn Khaldun concluded that societies are living organisms that, due to universal causes, experience cyclic birth, growth, maturity, decline, and inevitable death. Theories of social and cultural evolution were common in modern European thought. Prior to the 18th century, Europeans predominantly believed that societies on Earth were in a state of decline. European society held up the world of antiquity as a standard to aspire to, and Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome produced levels of technical accomplishment which Europeans of the Middle Ages sought to emulate. At the same time, Christianity taught that people lived in a debased world fundamentally inferior to the Garden of Eden and Heaven. During The Age of Enlightenment, however, European self-confidence grew and the notion of progress became increasingly popular. It was during this period that what would later become known as "sociological and cultural evolution" would have its roots.
Read more about this topic: Sociocultural Evolution
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