Examples
Notes:
- Middle Chinese, Pinyin, Go-on, Kan-on: See above.
- Middle Chinese reconstruction is according to William H. Baxter. His phonetic notation is used, along with IPA when different. Syllables are tone 1 unless otherwise indicated. See An Etymological Dictionary of Common Chinese Characters for more info.
| Character | Meaning | Middle Chinese | Pinyin | Go-on | Kan-on |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | one | ʔjit | yī | ichi < *iti | itsu < *itu |
| 二 | two | nyijH /ɲij³/ | èr < */ʐr/ < */ʐi/ | ni | ji < *zi |
| 三 | three | sam | sān | san | |
| 四 | four | sijH /sij³/ | sì | shi < *si | |
| 五 | five | nguX /ŋu²/ | wǔ | go | |
| 六 | six | ljuwk | liù | roku | riku |
| 七 | seven | tshit /tsʰit/ | qī | shichi < *siti | shitsu < *situ |
| 八 | eight | pɛt | bā | hachi < *pati | hatsu < *patu |
| 九 | nine | kjuwX /kjuw²/ | jiǔ | ku | kyū < *kiu |
| 十 | ten | dzyip /dʑip/ | shí | jū < *zipu | shū < *sipu |
| 北 | north | pok | běi | hoku < *poku | |
| 西 | west | sej | xī | ?? sei | |
| 東 | east | tuwng /tuwŋ/ | dōng | tsu < *tu | tō < *tou |
| 京 | capital | kjæng /kjæŋ/ | jīng | kyō < *kyau | kei |
| 人 | person | nyin /ɲin/ | rén | nin | jin < *zin |
| 日 | sun | nyit /ɲit/ | rì | nichi < *niti; ni | ?? jitsu < *zitu |
| 本 | base, origin | pwonX /pwon²/ | běn | ?? hon < *pon | |
| 上 | up | dzyangX /dʑaŋ²/, dzyangH /dʑaŋ³/ | shàng | jō < *zyau | shō < *syau |
| 下 | down | hæX /ɦæ²,ɣæ²/, hæH /ɦæ³,ɣæ³/ | xià | ge | ka |
Read more about this topic: Sino-Japanese Vocabulary
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—Alexander Pope (1688–1744)
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—Bernard Mandeville (1670–1733)