Scale Height Used in A Simple Atmospheric Pressure Model
For planetary atmospheres, scale height is the vertical distance over which the pressure of the atmosphere changes by a factor of e (decreasing upward). The scale height remains constant for a particular temperature. It can be calculated by
where:
- k = Boltzmann constant = 1.38 x 10−23 J·K−1
- T = mean atmospheric temperature in kelvins = 250 K
- M = mean molecular mass of dry air (units kg)
- g = acceleration due to gravity on planetary surface (m/s²)
The pressure (force per unit area) at a given altitude is a result of the weight of the overlying atmosphere. If at a height of z the atmosphere has density ρ and pressure P, then moving upwards at an infinitesimally small height dz will decrease the pressure by amount dP, equal to the weight of a layer of atmosphere of thickness dz.
Thus:
where g is the acceleration due to gravity. For small dz it is possible to assume g to be constant; the minus sign indicates that as the height increases the pressure decreases. Therefore, using the equation of state for an ideal gas of mean molecular mass M at temperature T, the density can be expressed as
Combining these equations gives
which can then be incorporated with the equation for H given above to give:
which will not change unless the temperature does. Integrating the above and assuming where P0 is the pressure at height z = 0 (pressure at sea level) the pressure at height z can be written as:
This translates as the pressure decreasing exponentially with height.
In the Earth's atmosphere, the pressure at sea level P0 averages about 1.01×105 Pa, the mean molecular mass of dry air is 28.964 u and hence 28.964 × 1.660×10−27 = 4.808×10−26 kg, and g = 9.81 m/s². As a function of temperature the scale height of the Earth's atmosphere is therefore 1.38/(4.808×9.81)×103 = 29.26 m/deg. This yields the following scale heights for representative air temperatures.
- T = 290 K, H = 8500 m
- T = 273 K, H = 8000 m
- T = 260 K, H = 7610 m
- T = 210 K, H = 6000 m
These figures should be compared with the temperature and density of the Earth's atmosphere plotted at NRLMSISE-00, which shows the air density dropping from 1200 g/m3 at sea level to 0.53 = .125 g/m3 at 70 km, a factor of 9600, indicating an average scale height of 70/ln(9600) = 7.64 km, consistent with the indicated average air temperature over that range of close to 260 K.
Note:
- Density is related to pressure by the ideal gas laws. Therefore—with some departures caused by varying temperature—density will also decrease exponentially with height from a sea level value of ρ0 roughly equal to 1.2 kg m−3
- At heights over 100 km, molecular diffusion means that each molecular atomic species has its own scale height.
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