History
In vFortran, the run-time system consisted basically of the standard library subroutines, such as SQRT (square root) and the routines that implemented the FORMAT specs.
Notable early examples of run-time systems are the interpreters for BASIC and Lisp. The latter included also a garbage collector. Forth is an early example of a language that was designed to be compiled into pseudocode; its run-time system was a virtual machine that interpreted that pseudocode. Another popular, if theoretical, example is Donald Knuth's MIX computer.
In C and later languages that supported dynamic memory allocation, the runtime also included a library that managed the program's memory pool; the minimal startup runtime is crt0 (C RunTime time 0).
In the object-oriented programming languages, the run-time system was often responsible also for dynamic type checking and resolving method references.
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