Rosenbaum is a surname of German and Yiddish (Jewish) origin, which translates as "rose bush". Notable people with the surname include:
- Al Rosenbaum, American artist and cofounder of the Virginia Holocaust Museum
- Alexander Rosenbaum, a Russian-Jewish bard from Saint Petersburg.
- Alexis Rosenbaum, French essayist
- Ayn Rand, born Alisa Zinov’yevna Rosenbaum, writer and philosopher, founder of Objectivism
- Benjamin Rosenbaum, American science fiction writer
- Berta Rosenbaum Golahny, American painter
- Victor Borge, born Børge Rosenbaum, Danish comedian
- Bezalel Ronsburg a rabbi also known as Daniel Rosenbaum
- David Rosenbaum (journalist), American journalist
- David Rosenbaum (soccer), American soccer player
- Diane Rosenbaum, Oregon politician
- Edna Phillips, later Edna Phillips Rosenbaum, American Harpist
- Dr. Edward E. Rosenbaum, author of A Taste Of My Own Medicine, which the film The Doctor was based on
- Eli Rosenbaum, director of the U.S. DOJ Office of Special Investigations
- Enrico Rosenbaum, American songwriter
- Fred Rosenbaum, US Brigadier General
- Helmut Rosenbaum, World War II German naval officer
- Jackie Rosenbaum, Canadian actress
- Jacques Rosenbaum (1878–1943), Estonian architect
- James Rosenbaum, American sociology professor
- James M. Rosenbaum, American lawyer and judge
- Jeff Rosenbaum, primary director of the Association for Consciousness Exploration
- Joel Rosenbaum, professor of cell biology
- John Rosenbaum, California artist
- Jonathan Rosenbaum, American film critic
- Jonathan Rosenbaum (scholar), American paleographer and college administrator
- Karl Rosenbaum, phrenologist and thief of Joseph Haydn's head
- Richard E. Hughes, born Leo Rosenbaum, American comic book author and editor
- Louise Rosskam, born Louise Rosenbaum, American photographer
- Marc Rosenbaum, American engineer
- Meyer Rosenbaum (I), Grand Rabbi of Kretchnif
- Meyer Rosenbaum (II), Chief Rabbi of Cuba
- Michael Rosenbaum, American actor
- Morris D. Rosenbaum, Utah businessman and early Jewish convert to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
- Paul Rand, born Peretz Rosenbaum, American graphic designer
- Polly Rosenbaum, American politician
- R. Robert Rosenbaum, television director for Bewitched
- Ron Rosenbaum, American journalist and author
- Simon Rosenbaum, British academic
- Simon Yakovlevich Rosenbaum, Jewish activist
- Stephen Rosenbaum, visual effects supervisor
- Steven Rosenbaum (producer), American television producer
- Thane Rosenbaum, American novelist
- Victor Rosenbaum, American pianist, conductor, and music educator (former president of Longy School of Music, Cambridge, MA, and currently on the faculties of New England Conservatory, Boston, MA, and Mannes School of Music, New York
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