History
The first four Caliphs who ruled after the death of Muhammad are often quoted as the Khulafah Rashidun.
The Rashidun were either elected by a council (see The election of Uthman and Islamic democracy) or chosen based on the wishes of their predecessor. In the order of succession, the rashidun were:
- 1. Abu Bakr (632-634 CE) --Bakr is often spelled "baker" in the American scholarship.
- 2. Umar ibn al-Khattab, (Umar І) (634-644 CE) -- Umar is often spelled Omar in some Western scholarship.
- 3. Uthman ibn Affan (644-656 CE)-- Uthman is often spelled Othman (or even Osman) in some Western scholarship.
- 4. Ali ibn Abi Talib (656-661 CE)
In addition to this, there are several views regarding additional rashidun. Umar ibn Abdul Aziz (Umar ІІ), who was one of the Umayyad caliphs, is sometimes regarded as one of the Rashidun and is quoted by Taftazani. In the Ibadhi tradition, only Abu Bakr and Umar are considered to be the Two Rightly Guided Caliphs. Suleiman the Magnificent and Abdul Hamid I of the Ottoman period are regarded by some to be amongst the rightly guided Caliphs.
Ibn Hajr al-Asqalani includes the Khulafah of the Bani Abbas (i.e., the Abbassids) in his enumeration.
Read more about this topic: Rashidun
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