Ancillary Effects Doctrine
In many circumstances, however, a law that is found to be invalid under the pith and substance analysis may still be saved by using necessarily incidental, or ancillary effects doctrine. In such cases the intruding provisions of the law will only be upheld if they satisfy the "rational connection" test.
Necessarily incidental or ancillary effects The full test was articulated in General Motors v. City National Leasing (1989). The standard used depends on the seriousness of the encroachment. The Court must consider the degree the valid legislative scheme intrudes upon the other government's jurisdiction. If it is a minor intrusion, then the provision need only be "rationally connected." Otherwise for serious encroachments the provisions must be "truly necessary" or "essential" to the functioning of the law.
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