Naturalism - in Philosophy and Science

In Philosophy and Science

• Methodological naturalism, naturalism that holds that science is to be done without reference to supernatural causes; also refers to a methodological assumption in the philosophy of religion that observable events are fully explainable by natural causes without reference to the supernatural
• Metaphysical naturalism, a form of naturalism that holds that the cosmos consists only of objects studied by the natural sciences, and does not include any immaterial or intentional realities
• Ethical naturalism, the theory that ethical terms can be defined in non-ethical terms, namely, descriptive terms mainly from the natural sciences
• Spiritual naturalism, an approach to spirituality that is devoid of supernaturalism
• Religious naturalism, religious, institutions, rituals, doctrines and communities which do not include supernatural beliefs
• Humanistic naturalism emphasises scientific reasoning as a basis for humane behavior
• Sociological naturalism is the view that the natural world and the social world are roughly identical and governed by similar principles
• Political naturalism is a politic and legal system based on the belief in the existence of a fair natural law
• Naturalistic observation is an empirical method of study by which the researcher introduces no outside stimulus, instead witnessing behavior as it naturally occurs in the environment