Mathieson is a surname and may apply to the following:
- Colin Mathieson, Paralympic athlete from Canada
- Craig Mathieson (b. 1971), Australian writer
- David Mathieson (b. 1978), Scottish footballer
- Jean Mathieson, Canadian animator
- Jim Mathieson (1931-2003), British sculptor
- Jim John Mathieson (b. 1970), Canadian ice hockey player
- John Mathieson (cinematographer) (b. 1958), film maker
- John Mathieson (computer scientist), computer scientist who worked for Sinclair Research and later developed the Atari Jaguar video games console
- John Alexander Mathieson (1863–1947), Premier of the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island 1911–1917
- Muir Mathieson (1911-1975), British conductor
- Neil Mathieson (1823- ), Scottish chemist and businessman
- Scott Mathieson (b. 1984), Canadian baseball player
- Willie Mathieson, Scottish footballer
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