Lists of Integrals - Definite Integrals Lacking Closed-form Antiderivatives

Definite Integrals Lacking Closed-form Antiderivatives

There are some functions whose antiderivatives cannot be expressed in closed form. However, the values of the definite integrals of some of these functions over some common intervals can be calculated. A few useful integrals are given below.

(see also Gamma function)
(the Gaussian integral)
for a > 0
\int_0^\infty x^{2n} e^{-a x^2}\,dx = \frac{2n-1}{2a} \int_0^\infty x^{2(n-1)} e^{-a x^2}\,dx = \frac{(2n-1)!!}{2^{n+1}} \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{a^{2n+1}}} = \frac{(2n)!}{n! 2^{2n+1}} \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{a^{2n+1}}} for a > 0, n is 1, 2, 3, ... and !! is the double factorial.
when a > 0
\int_0^\infty x^{2n+1} e^{-a x^2}\,dx = \frac {n} {a} \int_0^\infty x^{2n-1} e^{-a x^2}\,dx = \frac{n!}{2 a^{n+1}} for a > 0, n = 0, 1, 2, ....
(see also Bernoulli number)
(see sinc function and Sine integral)
(if n is an even integer and )
(if is an odd integer and )
\int_{-\pi}^\pi \cos(\alpha x)\cos^n(\beta x) dx = \begin{cases} \frac{2 \pi}{2^n} \binom{n}{m} & |\alpha|= |\beta (2m-n)| \\ 0 & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} (for integers with and, see also Binomial coefficient)
(for real and non-negative integer, see also Symmetry)
\int_{-\pi}^\pi \sin(\alpha x) \sin^n(\beta x) dx = \begin{cases} (-1)^{(n+1)/2} (-1)^m \frac{2 \pi}{2^n} \binom{n}{m} & n \text{ odd},\ \alpha = \beta (2m-n) \\ 0 & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} (for integers with and, see also Binomial coefficient)
\int_{-\pi}^{\pi} \cos(\alpha x) \sin^n(\beta x) dx = \begin{cases} (-1)^{n/2} (-1)^m \frac{2 \pi}{2^n} \binom{n}{m} & n \text{ even},\ |\alpha| = |\beta (2m-n)| \\ 0 & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} (for integers with and, see also Binomial coefficient)
(where is the exponential function, and )
(where is the Gamma function)
(the Beta function)
(where is the modified Bessel function of the first kind)
, this is related to the probability density function of the Student's t-distribution)

The method of exhaustion provides a formula for the general case when no antiderivative exists:

(Click "show" at right to see a proof or "hide" to hide it.)

Read more about this topic:  Lists Of Integrals

Famous quotes containing the words definite and/or lacking:

    “Destiny is an absolutely definite and inexorable ruler. Physical ability and moral determination count for nothing. It is impossible to perform the simplest act when the gods say “no.” I have no idea how they bring pressure to bear on such occasions; I only know that it is irresistible.”
    —Aleister Crowley (1875–1947)

    “if she were lacking all grace
    they’d pass her in silence:
    so it’s not only to say she’s
    a warm hole.”
    —Denise Levertov (b. 1923)