List of State Leaders in 1978 - Europe

Europe

• Albania
  • Communist Party Leader - Enver Hoxha, First Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labor (1944–1985)
  • Head of State - Haxhi Lleshi, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly of Albania (1953–1982)
  • Premier - Mehmet Shehu, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Albania (1954–1981)
• Andorra
  • Monarchs -
    • French Co-Prince - Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1974–1981)
    • Episcopal Co-Prince - Joan Martí i Alanis, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1971–2003)
  • First Syndic -
    1. Julià Reig Ribó, First Syndic of Andorra (1972–1978)
    2. Estanislau Sangrà Font, First Syndic of Andorra (1978–1982)
• Austria -
  • President - Rudolf Kirchschläger, Federal President of Austria (1974–1986)
  • Chancellor - Bruno Kreisky, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1970–1983)
• Belgium
  • Monarch - Baudouin, King of the Belgians (1951–1993)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Leo Tindemans, Prime Minister of Belgium (1974–1978)
    2. Paul Vanden Boeynants, Prime Minister of Belgium (1978–1979)
• Bulgaria
  • Communist Party Leader - Todor Zhivkov, General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party (1954–1989)
  • Head of State - Todor Zhivkov, Chairman of the Council of State of Bulgaria (1971–1989)
  • Premier - Stanko Todorov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1971–1981)
• Cyprus
  • President - Spyros Kyprianou, President of Cyprus (1977–1988)
  • Northern Cyprus (invaded by Turkey)
    • President - Rauf Denktaş, President of Northern Cyprus (1975–2005)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Nejat Konuk, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (1976–1978)
      2. Osman Örek, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (1978)
      3. Mustafa Çağatay, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (1978–1985)
• Czechoslovakia
  • Communist Party Leader - Gustáv Husák, General Secretary of the Communisty Party of Czechoslovakia (1969–1987)
  • President - Gustáv Husák, President of Czechoslovakia (1975–1989)
  • Prime Minister - Lubomír Štrougal, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1970–1988)
• Denmark
  • Monarch - Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark (1972–present)
  • Prime Minister - Anker Jørgensen, Prime Minister of Denmark (1975–1982)
• Finland
  • President - Urho Kekkonen, President of Finland (1956–1981)
  • Prime Minister - Kalevi Sorsa, Prime Minister of Finland (1977–1979)
• France -
  • President - Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, President of France (1974–1981)
  • Prime Minister - Raymond Barre, Prime Minister of France (1976–1981)
• East Germany (German Democratic Republic)
  • Communist Party Leader - Erich Honecker, General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (1971–1989)
  • Head of State - Erich Honecker, Chairman of the Council of State of East Germany (1976–1989)
  • Premier - Willi Stoph, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of East Germany (1976–1989)
• West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)
  • President - Walter Scheel, Federal President of West Germany (1974–1979)
  • Chancellor - Helmut Schmidt, Federal Chancellor of West Germany (1974–1982)
• Greece
  • President - Konstantinos Tsatsos, President of Greece (1975–1980)
  • Prime Minister - Konstantinos Karamanlis, Prime Minister of Greece (1974–1980)
• Hungary
  • Communist Party Leader - János Kádár, First Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (1956–1988)
  • Head of State - Pál Losonczi, Chairman of the Presidential Council of Hungary (1967–1987)
  • Premier - György Lázár, President of the Council of Ministers of Hungary (1975–1987)
• Iceland
  • President - Kristján Eldjárn, President of Iceland (1968–1980)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Geir Hallgrímsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1974–1978)
    2. Ólafur Jóhannesson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1978–1979)
• Ireland -
  • President - Patrick Hillery, President of Ireland (1976–1990)
  • Prime Minister - Jack Lynch, Taoiseach of Ireland (1977–1979)
• Italy
  • President -
    1. Giovanni Leone, President of Italy (1971–1978)
    2. Amintore Fanfani, Acting President of Italy (1978)
    3. Sandro Pertini, President of Italy (1978–1985)
  • Prime Minister - Giulio Andreotti, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1976–1979)
• Liechtenstein
  • Monarch - Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1938–1989)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Walter Kieber, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1974–1978)
    2. Hans Brunhart, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1978–1993)
• Luxembourg
  • Monarch - Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1964–2000)
  • Prime Minister - Gaston Thorn, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1974–1979)
• Malta
  • President - Anton Buttigieg, President of Malta (1976–1981)
  • Prime Minister - Dom Mintoff, Prime Minister of Malta (1971–1984)
• Monaco
  • Monarch - Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (1949–2005)
  • Head of Government - André Saint-Mleux, Minister of State of Monaco (1972–1981)
• Kingdom of the Netherlands
  • Monarch - Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands (1948–1980)
  • Netherlands (constituent country)
    • Prime Minister - Dries van Agt, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1977–1982)
  • Netherlands Antilles (constituent country)
    • see under North America
• Norway
  • Monarch - Olav V, King of Norway (1957–1991)
  • Prime Minister - Odvar Nordli, Prime Minister of Norway (1976–1981)
• Poland
  • Communist Party Leader - Edward Gierek, First Secretary of the Central Committee of Polish United Workers' Party (1970–1980)
  • Head of State - Henryk Jabłoński, Chairman of the Council of State of Poland (1972–1985)
  • Premier - Piotr Jaroszewicz, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1970–1980)
• Portugal -
  • President - António Ramalho Eanes, President of Portugal (1976–1986)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Mário Soares, Prime Minister of Portugal (1976–1978)
    2. Alfredo Nobre da Costa, Prime Minister of Portugal (1978)
    3. Carlos Mota Pinto, Prime Minister of Portugal (1978–1979)
• Romania
  • Communist Party Leader - Nicolae Ceauşescu, General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party (1965–1989)
  • President - Nicolae Ceauşescu, President of Romania (1967–1989)
  • Premier - Manea Mănescu, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1974–1979)
• San Marino
  • Captains Regent
    1. Giordano Bruno Reffi and Tito Masi, Captains Regent of San Marino (October 1977–March 1978)
    2. Francesco Valli and Enrico Andreoli, Captains Regent of San Marino (April 1978–September 1978)
    3. Ermenegildo Gasperoni and Adriano Reffi, Captains Regent of San Marino (October 1978–March 1979)
• Soviet Union
  • Communist Party leader - Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)
  • Head of State - Leonid Brezhnev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1977–1982)
  • Premier - Alexei Kosygin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1964–1980)
• Spain
  • Monarch - Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (1975–present)
  • Prime Minister - Adolfo Suárez, President of the Government of Spain (1976–1981)
• Sweden
  • Monarch - Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden (1973–present)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Thorbjörn Fälldin, Prime Minister of Sweden (1976–1978)
    2. Ola Ullsten, Prime Minister of Sweden (1978–1979)
• Switzerland -
  • Swiss Federal Council:

    Rudolf Gnägi (1965–1979), Ernst Brugger (1969–1978), Pierre Graber (1970–1978), Kurt Furgler (1971–1986), Willy Ritschard (1973–1983, President), Hans Hürlimann (1973–1982), Georges-André Chevallaz (1973–1983), Fritz Honegger (1978–1982), Pierre Aubert (1978–1987)

• United Kingdom -
  • Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952–present)
  • Prime Minister - James Callaghan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1976–1979)
  • Guernsey (British Crown dependency)
    • Lieutenant-Governor - Sir John Martin, Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey (1974–1980)
    • Bailiff - Sir John Loveridge, Bailiff of Guernsey (1973–1982)
  • Jersey (British Crown dependency)
    • Lieutenant-Governor - Sir Desmond Fitzpatrick, Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey (1974–1979)
    • Bailiff - Sir Frank Ereaut, Bailiff of Jersey (1975–1985)
  • Isle of Man (British Crown dependency)
    • Lieutenant-Governor - Sir John Warburton Paul, Lieutenant-Governor of Man (1974–1980)
    • Head of Government - Clifford Irving, Chairman of the Executive Council of the Isle of Man (1977–1981)
  • Gibraltar (British crown colony)
    • Governor -
      1. Sir John Grandy, Governor of Gibraltar (1973–1978)
      2. Sir William Jackson, Governor of Gibraltar (1978–1982)
    • Chief Minister - Sir Joshua Hassan, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (1972–1987)
• Vatican City
  • Monarch -
    1. Pope Paul VI, Sovereign of Vatican City (1963–1978)
    2. Carlo Confalonieri and Jean-Marie Villot, interim government during sede vacante (1978)
    3. Pope John Paul I, Sovereign of Vatican City (1978)
    4. Carlo Confalonieri and Jean-Marie Villot, interim government during sede vacante (1978)
    5. Pope John Paul II, Sovereign of Vatican City (1978–2005)
  • President of the Governorate - Jean-Marie Villot, President of the Governorate of Vatican City (1969–1979)
  • Holy See
    • Secretary of State - Jean-Marie Villot, Cardinal Secretary of State (1969–1979)
• Yugoslavia
  • Communist Party leader - Josip Broz Tito, President of the Presidium of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1945–1980)
  • President - Josip Broz Tito, President for Life of Yugoslavia (1953–1980)
  • Premier - Veselin Đuranović, Chairman of the Federal Executive Council of Yugoslavia (1977–1982)