List of State Leaders in 1938 - Europe

Europe

• Albania
  • Monarch - Zog, King of the Albanians (1925–1939)
  • Prime Minister - Kostaq Kota, Prime Minister of Albania (1936–1939)

• Andorra
  • Monarchs -
    • French Co-Prince - Albert François Lebrun, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1932–1940)
    • Episcopal Co-Prince - Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1920–1940)
  • First Syndic - Francesc Cairat Freixes, First Syndic of Andorra (1937–1960)

• Austria
  • was annexed by Germany on 13 March 1938
  • President - Wilhelm Miklas, Federal President of Austria (1928–1938)
  • Chancellor -
    1. Kurt Schuschnigg, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1934–1938)
    2. Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1938)

• Belgium
  • Monarch - Leopold III, King of the Belgians (1934–1951)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Paul-Emile Janson, Prime Minister of Belgium (1937–1938)
    2. Paul-Henri Spaak, Prime Minister of Belgium (1938–1939)

• Bulgaria
  • Monarch - Boris III, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1918–1943)
  • Premier - Georgi Kyoseivanov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1935–1940)

• Czechoslovakia
  • the First Czechoslovak Republic was superseded by the Second Czechoslovak Republic on 1 October 1938
  • President -
    1. Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia (1935–1938)
    2. Emil Hácha, President of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Milan Hodža, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1935–1938)
    2. Jan Syrový, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1938)
    3. Rudolf Beran, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1938–1939)

• Danzig (free city under League of Nations protection)
  • High Commissioner - Carl Jacob Burckhardt, League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig (1937–1939)
  • Head of State - Arthur Greiser, President of the Senate of Danzig (1934–1939)

• Denmark
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
  • Prime Minister - Thorvald Stauning, Prime Minister of Denmark (1929–1942)

• Estonia
  • President - Konstantin Päts, President of Estonia (1933–1940)
  • Prime Minister - Kaarel Eenpalu, Prime Minister of Estonia (1938–1939)

• Finland
  • President - Kyösti Kallio, President of Finland (1937–1940)
  • Prime Minister - Aimo Cajander, Prime Minister of Finland (1937–1939)

• France
  • President - Albert François Lebrun, President of France (1932–1940)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Camille Chautemps, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1937–1938)
    2. Léon Blum, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1938)
    3. Édouard Daladier, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1938–1940)

• Germany
  • Head of State - Adolf Hitler, Führer of Germany (1934–1945)
  • Chancellor - Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany (1933–1945)

• Greece
  • Monarch - George II, King of the Hellenes (1935–1947)
  • Prime Minister - Ioannis Metaxas, President of the Ministerial Council of Greece (1936–1941)

• Hungary
  • Head of State - Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (1920–1944)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Kálmán Darányi, Prime Minister of Hungary (1936–1938)
    2. Béla Imrédy, Prime Minister of Hungary (1938–1939)

• Iceland
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Iceland (1918–1944)
  • Prime Minister - Hermann Jónasson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1934–1942)

• Ireland
  • Monarch - George VI, King of Ireland (1936–1949)
  • President -
    1. Presidential Commission, Acting President of Ireland (1937–1938)
    2. Douglas Hyde, President of Ireland (1938–1945)
  • Prime Minister - Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach of Ireland (1932–1948)

• Italy
  • Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
  • Prime Minister - Benito Mussolini, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1922–1943)

• Latvia
  • President - Kārlis Ulmanis, President of Latvia (1936–1940)
  • Prime Minister - Kārlis Ulmanis, Prime Minister of Latvia (1934–1940)

• Liechtenstein
  • Monarch -
    1. Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein (1929–1938)
    2. Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1938–1989)
  • Head of Government - Josef Hoop, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1928–1945)

• Lithuania
  • President - Antanas Smetona, President of Lithuania (1926–1940)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Juozas Tūbelis, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1929–1938)
    2. Vladas Mironas, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1938–1939)

• Luxembourg
  • Monarch - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1919–1964)
  • Prime Minister - Pierre Dupong, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1937–1953)

• Monaco
  • Monarch - Louis II, Prince of Monaco (1922–1949)
  • Head of Government - Émile Roblot, Minister of State of Monaco (1937–1944)

• Netherlands
  • Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)
  • Prime Minister - Hendrikus Colijn, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1933–1939)

• Norway
  • Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)
  • Prime Minister - Johan Nygaardsvold, Prime Minister of Norway (1935–1945)

• Poland
  • President - Ignacy Mościcki, President of Poland (1926–1939)
  • Prime Minister - Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1936–1939)

• Portugal
  • President - Óscar Carmona, President of Portugal (1926–1951)
  • Prime Minister - António de Oliveira Salazar, President of the Council of Ministers of Portugal (1932–1968)

• Romania
  • Monarch - Carol II, King of the Romanians (1930–1940)
  • Premier -
    1. Octavian Goga, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1937–1938)
    2. Miron Cristea, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1938–1939)

• San Marino
  • Captains Regent -
    1. Marino Rossi and Giovanni Lonfernini, Captains Regent of San Marino (1937–1938)
    2. Manlio Gozi and Luigi Mularoni, Captains Regent of San Marino (1938)
    3. Carlo Balsimelli and Celio Gozi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1938–1939)

• Soviet Union
  • Communist Party Leader - Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
  • Head of State - Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1919–1946)
  • Premier - Vyacheslav Molotov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (1930–1941)

• Spain
  • Spanish Republic
    • President - Manuel Azaña, President of Spain (1936–1939)
    • Prime Minister - Juan Negrín, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1937–1939)
  • Spanish State
    • Head of State - Francisco Franco, Head of State of Spain (1936–1975)
    • Head of Government -
      1. Francisco Gómez-Jordana, Count of Jordana, President of the Technical Board of State of Spain (1937–1938)
      2. Francisco Franco, President of the Government of Spain (1938–1973)

• Sweden
  • Monarch - Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Per Albin Hansson, Prime Minister of Sweden (1936–1946)

• Switzerland
  • Swiss Federal Council:

    Giuseppe Motta (1911–1940), Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1928–1944), Albert Meyer (1929–1938), Rudolf Minger (1929–1940), Philipp Etter (1934–1959), Johannes Baumann (1934–1940, President), Hermann Obrecht (1935–1940), Ernst Wetter (1938–1943)

• United Kingdom
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the United Kingdom (1936–1952)
  • Prime Minister - Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1937–1940)

• Vatican City
  • Monarch - Pope Pius XI, Sovereign of Vatican City (1929–1939)
  • Governor - Camillo Serafini, Governor of Vatican City (1929–1952)
  • Holy See
    • Secretary of State - Eugenio Pacelli, Cardinal Secretary of State (1930–1939)

• Yugoslavia
  • Monarch - Peter II, King of Yugoslavia (1934–1945)
  • Regent - Prince Paul, Prince Regent of Yugoslavia (1934–1941)
  • Prime Minister - Milan Stojadinović, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1935–1939)