List of State Leaders in 1923 - Europe

Europe

• Albania
  • Head of State - High Council of Regency, Head of State of Albania (1920–1925)
  • Prime Minister - Ahmet Zogu, Prime Minister of Albania (1922–1924)

• Andorra
  • Monarchs -
    • French Co-Prince - Alexandre Millerand, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1920–1924)
    • Episcopal Co-Prince - Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1920–1940)
  • First Syndic - Bonaventura Villarubia, First Syndic of Andorra (1920–1923)

• Austria
  • President - Michael Hainisch, Federal President of Austria (1920–1928)
  • Chancellor - Ignaz Seipel, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1922–1924)

• Belgium
  • Monarch - Albert I, King of the Belgians (1909–1934)
  • Prime Minister - Georges Theunis, Prime Minister of Belgium (1921–1925)

• Bulgaria
  • Monarch - Boris III, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1918–1943)
  • Premier -
    1. Aleksandar Stamboliyski, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1919–1923)
    2. Aleksandar Tsankov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1923–1926)

• Czechoslovakia
  • President - Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, President of Czechoslovakia (1918–1935)
  • Prime Minister - Antonín Švehla, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1922–1926)

• Danzig (free city under League of Nations protection)
  • High Commissioner -
    1. Sir Richard Haking, League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig (1921–1923)
    2. Mervyn Sorley McDonnell, League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig (1923–1925)
  • Head of State - Heinrich Sahm, President of the Senate of Danzig (1920–1931)

• Denmark
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
  • Prime Minister - Niels Neergaard, Prime Minister of Denmark (1920–1924)

• Estonia
  • Head of State -
    1. Juhan Kukk, State Elder of Estonia (1922–1923)
    2. Konstantin Päts, State Elder of Estonia (1923–1924)

• Finland
  • President - Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, President of Finland (1919–1925)
  • Prime Minister - Kyösti Kallio, Prime Minister of Finland (1922–1924)

• Fiume
  • Head of State -
    1. Attilio Depoli, Provisional Head of State of Fiume (1922–1923)
    2. Gaetano Giardino, Military Governor of Fiume (1923–1924)

• France
  • President - Alexandre Millerand, President of France (1920–1924)
  • Prime Minister - Raymond Poincaré, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1922–1924)

• Germany
  • President - Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany (1919–1925)
  • Chancellor -
    1. Wilhelm Cuno, Chancellor of Germany (1922–1923)
    2. Gustav Stresemann, Chancellor of Germany (1923)
    3. Wilhelm Marx, Chancellor of Germany (1923–1925)
  • Rhenish Republic (unrecognized, secessionist state)
    • established on 21 October 1923
    • President - Josef Friedrich Matthes, President of the Rhenish Republic (1923–1924)

• Greece
  • Monarch - George II, King of the Hellenes (1922–1924)
  • Regent - Pavlos Kountouriotis, Regent of Greece (1923–1924)
  • Prime Minister - Stylianos Gonatas, Prime Minister of Greece (1922–1924)

• Hungary
  • Head of State - Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (1920–1944)
  • Prime Minister - Count István Bethlen, Prime Minister of Hungary (1921–1931)

• Iceland
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Iceland (1918–1944)
  • Prime Minister - Sigurður Eggerz, Prime Minister of Iceland (1922–1924)

• Ireland
  • Monarch - George V, King of Ireland (1922–1936)
  • Governor-General - Timothy Michael Healy, Governor-General of Ireland (1922–1928)
  • Head of Government - W. T. Cosgrave, President of the Executive Council of Ireland (1922–1932)

• Italy
  • Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
  • Prime Minister - Benito Mussolini, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1922–1943)

• Latvia
  • President - Jānis Čakste, President of Latvia (1918–1927)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics, Prime Minister of Latvia (1921–1923)
    2. Jānis Pauļuks, Prime Minister of Latvia (1923)
    3. Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics, Prime Minister of Latvia (1923–1924)

• Liechtenstein
  • Monarch - Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1859–1929)
  • Head of Government - Gustav Schädler, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1922–1928)

• Lithuania
  • President - Aleksandras Stulginskis, President of Lithuania (1920–1926)
  • Prime Minister - Ernestas Galvanauskas, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1922–1924)

• Luxembourg
  • Monarch - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1919–1964)
  • Prime Minister - Émile Reuter, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1918–1925)

• Monaco
  • Monarch - Louis II, Prince of Monaco (1922–1949)
  • Head of Government -
    1. Raymond Le Bourdon, Minister of State of Monaco (1919–1923)
    2. Maurice Piette, Minister of State of Monaco (1923–1932)

• Netherlands
  • Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)
  • Prime Minister - Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1918–1925)

• Norway
  • Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Otto Blehr, Prime Minister of Norway (1921–1923)
    2. Otto Bahr Halvorsen, Prime Minister of Norway (1923)
    3. Abraham Berge, Prime Minister of Norway (1923–1924)

• Poland
  • President - Stanisław Wojciechowski, President of Poland (1922–1926)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Władysław Sikorski, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1922–1923)
    2. Wincenty Witos, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1923)
    3. Władysław Grabski, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1923–1925)

• Portugal
  • President -
    1. António José de Almeida, President of Portugal (1919–1923)
    2. Manuel Teixeira Gomes, President of Portugal (1923–1925)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. António Maria da Silva, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1922–1923)
    2. António Ginestal Machado, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1923)
    3. Álvaro de Castro, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1923–1924)

• Romania
  • Monarch - Ferdinand, King of the Romanians (1914–1927)
  • Premier - Ion I. C. Brătianu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1922–1926)

• San Marino
  • Captains Regent -
    1. Onofrio Fattori and Giuseppe Balducci, Captains Regent of San Marino (1922–1923)
    2. Giuliano Gozi and Filippo Mularoni, Captains Regent of San Marino (1923)
    3. Marino Borbiconi and Mario Michetti, Captains Regent of San Marino (1923–1924)

• Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
  • Monarch - Alexander I, King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1921–1934)
  • Prime Minister - Nikola Pašić, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1921–1924)

• Soviet Union
  • Communist Party Leader - Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
  • Head of State - Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union (1919–1946)
  • Premier - Vladimir Lenin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (1917–1924)

• Spain
  • Monarch - Alfonso XIII, King of Spain (1886–1931)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Manuel García-Prieto, Marquis of Alhucemas, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1922–1923)
    2. Miguel Primo de Rivera, Marquis of Estella, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1923–1930)

• Sweden
  • Monarch - Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden (1921–1923)
    2. Ernst Trygger, Prime Minister of Sweden (1923–1924)

• Switzerland
  • Swiss Federal Council:

    Giuseppe Motta (1911–1940), Edmund Schulthess (1912–1935), Robert Haab (1917–1929), Ernest Chuard (1919–1928), Karl Scheurer (1919–1929, President), Jean-Marie Musy (1919–1934), Heinrich Häberlin (1920–1934)

• United Kingdom
  • Monarch - George V, King of the United Kingdom (1910–1936)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Bonar Law, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1922–1923)
    2. Stanley Baldwin, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1923–1924)