List of State Leaders in 1919 - Europe

Europe

• Albania
  • Head of State - Turhan Përmeti, Chairman of the Provisional Government of Albania (1918–1920)

• Andorra
  • Monarchs -
    • French Co-Prince - Raymond Poincaré, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1913–1920)
    • Episcopal Co-Prince -
      1. Juan Benlloch i Vivó, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1907–1919)
      2. Jaume Viladrich i Gaspa, Acting Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1919–1920)
  • First Syndic - Josep Vilanova, First Syndic of Andorra (1918–1920)

• Armenia
  • Head of State -
    1. Avetik Sahakyan, Chairman of the Council of Armenia (1918–1919)
    2. Avetis Aharonyan, Chairman of the Parliament of Armenia (1919–1920)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Hovhannes Katchaznouni, Prime Minister of Armenia (1918–1919)
    2. Alexander Khatisyan, Prime Minister of Armenia (1919–1920)
  • Kars Republic (unrecognized state)
    • integrated into Armenia in April 1919
    • Head of State - Cihangirzade İbrahim Bey, Head of State of the Kars Republic (1918–1919)

• Austria
  • the Republic of German-Austria was superseded by the Republic of Austria on 21 October 1919
  • Head of State -
    1. Franz Dinghofer + Johann Nepomuk Hauser + Karl Seitz, Directory of the Council of State of Austria (1918–1919)
    2. Karl Seitz, President of the Constituent National Assembly of Austria (1919–1920)
  • Chancellor - Karl Renner, Chancellor of Austria (1918–1920)

• Azerbaijan
  • Head of State - Alimardan Topchubashov, Chairman of Parliament of Azerbaijan (1918–1920)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Fatali Khan Khoyski, Prime Minister of Azerbaijan (1918–1919)
    2. Nasib Yusifbeyli, Prime Minister of Azerbaijan (1919–1920)
  • Republic of Aras (unrecognized state)
    • reintegrated into Azerbaijan in July 1919
    • Head of State - Jafargulu Khan Nakhchivanski, Head of State of the Republic of Arash (1918–1919)

• Belgium
  • Monarch - Albert I, King of the Belgians (1909–1934)
  • Prime Minister - Léon Delacroix, Prime Minister of Belgium (1918–1920)

• Bulgaria
  • Monarch - Boris III, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1918–1943)
  • Premier -
    1. Teodor Teodorov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1918–1919)
    2. Aleksandar Stamboliyski, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1919–1923)

• Byelorussia
  • the Belarusian People's Republic was gradually superseded by the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia in January 1919, and was part of the Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic between February and July 1919 (see under Litbel)
  • Head of State -
    1. Zmicier Zhylunovich, Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Workers-and-Peasants' Soviet Government of Belarus (1919)
    2. Aleksandr Myasnikyan, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of Byelorussia (1919)
    3. Pyotra Krecheuski, Chairman of the Government of Belarus (rival government) (1919–1920)
    4. Jan Sierada, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of Belarus (rival government) (1919–1920)
  • Premier -
    1. Anton Luckevich, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Belarus (1918–1919)
    2. Vaclau Lastouski, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Belarus (1919–1920)

• Czechoslovakia
  • President - Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, President of Czechoslovakia (1918–1935)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Karel Kramář, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1918–1919)
    2. Vlastimil Tusar, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1919–1920)

• Denmark
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
  • Prime Minister - Carl Theodor Zahle, Prime Minister of Denmark (1913–1920)

• Estonia
  • Republic of Estonia
    • Head of State -
      1. Konstantin Päts, Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Estonia (1918–1919)
      2. Otto Strandman, Prime Minister of Estonia (1919)
      3. Jaan Tõnisson, Prime Minister of Estonia (1919–1920)
  • Commune of the Working People of Estonia
    • disestablished on 5 June 1919
    • Head of State - Jaan Anvelt, Chairman of the Council of The Commune of the Working People of Estonia (1918–1919)

• Finland
  • Kingdom of Finland was superseded by the Republic of Finland on 17 July 1919
  • Head of State -
    1. Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Regent of Finland (1918–1919)
    2. Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, President of Finland (1919–1925)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Lauri Ingman, Prime Minister of Finland (1918–1919)
    2. Kaarlo Castrén, Prime Minister of Finland (1919)
    3. Juho Vennola, Prime Minister of Finland (1919–1920)

• France
  • President - Raymond Poincaré, President of France (1913–1920)
  • Prime Minister - Georges Clemenceau, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1917–1920)

• Georgia
  • Head of State -
    1. Noe Zhordania, President of the Parliament of Georgia (1918–1919)
    2. Nikolay Chkheidze, Chairman of the Constituent Assembly of Georgia (1919–1921)
  • Prime Minister - Noe Zhordania, Prime Minister of Georgia (1918–1921)

• German-Austria
  • see under Austria

• Germany
  • the German Empire was superseded by the Weimar Republic on 11 August 1919
  • Head of State -
    1. Robert Leinert + Max Cohen-Reuss + Hermann Müller, Chairmen of the Central Council of Germany (1918–1919)
    2. Wilhelm Pfannkuch, President of the Constituent National Assembly of Germany (1919)
    3. Eduard David, President of the Constituent National Assembly of Germany (1919)
    4. Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany (1919–1925)
  • Head of Government -
    1. Friedrich Ebert, Executive chairman of the Council of People's Commissioners of Germany (1918–1919)
    2. Philipp Scheidemann, Chancellor of Germany (1919)
    3. Gustav Bauer, Chancellor of Germany (1919–1920)

• Greece
  • Monarch - Alexander, King of the Hellenes (1917–1920)
  • Prime Minister - Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister of Greece (1917–1920)

• Hungary
  • the Hungarian Democratic Republic was temporarily superseded by the Hungarian Soviet Republic between 21 March and 1 August 1919, and later changed name to Hungarian Republic on 8 August 1919
  • Head of State -
    1. Count Mihály Károlyi, Provisional President of Hungary (1918–1919)
    2. Sándor Garbai, Chairman of the Central Executive Council of Hungary (1919)
    3. Gyula Peidl, Prime Minister of Hungary (1919)
    4. Archduke Joseph, Regent of Hungary (1919)
    5. István Friedrich, Prime Minister of Hungary (1919)
    6. Károly Huszár, Prime Minister of Hungary (1919–1920)
  • Head of Government -
    1. Count Mihály Károlyi, Prime Minister of Hungary (1918–1919)
    2. Dénes Berinkey, Prime Minister of Hungary (1919)
    3. Sándor Garbai, Chairman of the Hungarian Central Executive Council (1919)
    4. Gyula Peidl, Prime Minister of Hungary (1919)
    5. Count Gyula Károlyi, Prime Minister of Hungary (counter government) (1919)
    6. Dezső Pattantyús-Ábrahám, Prime Minister of Hungary (counter government) (1919)
    7. István Friedrich, Prime Minister of Hungary (1919)
    8. Károly Huszár, Prime Minister of Hungary (1919–1920)

• Iceland
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Iceland (1918–1944)
  • Prime Minister - Jón Magnússon, Prime Minister of Iceland (1917–1922)

• Italy
  • Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1917–1919)
    2. Francesco Saverio Nitti, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1919–1920)

• Latvia
  • Latvia
    • Head of State - Jānis Čakste, President of the People's Council of Latvia (1918–1927)
    • Prime Minister - Kārlis Ulmanis, Prime Minister of Latvia (1918–1921)
  • Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
    • Head of State - Pēteris Stučka, Chairman of the Government of Latvia (1918–1920)

• Liechtenstein
  • Monarch - Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1859–1929)
  • Administrator - Prince Karl Alois, Land Administrator of Liechtenstein (1918–1920)

• Litbel
  • formed by the merger of Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia and Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and existed between 27 February and 17 July 1919
  • Communist Party Leader - Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Lithuanian-Belorussian Communist Party (1919)
  • Head of State - Kazimierz Cichowski, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets of Litbel (1919)
  • Head of Government - Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Litbel (1919)

• Lithuania
  • Lithuania
    • President - Antanas Smetona, President of Lithuania (1918–1920)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Mykolas Sleževičius, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1918–1919)
      2. Pranas Dovydaitis, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1919)
      3. Mykolas Sleževičius, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1919)
      4. Ernestas Galvanauskas, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1919–1920)
  • Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
    • merged with Byelorussia on 27 February 1919 to form Litbel (see above)
    • Communist Party Leader - Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Lithuanian Communist Party (1918–1919)
    • Head of State - Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas, Chairman of the Revolutionary Government of Lithuania (1918–1919)

• Luxembourg
  • Monarch -
    1. Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1912–1919)
    2. Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1919–1964)
  • Prime Minister - Émile Reuter, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1918–1925)

• Monaco
  • Monarch - Albert I, Prince of Monaco (1889–1922)
  • Head of Government -
    1. Georges Jaloustre, Acting Minister of State of Monaco (1918–1919)
    2. Raymond Le Bourdon, Minister of State of Monaco (1919–1923)

• Netherlands
  • Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)
  • Prime Minister - Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1918–1925)

• Norway
  • Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)
  • Prime Minister - Gunnar Knudsen, Prime Minister of Norway (1913–1920)

• Poland
  • Head of State - Józef Piłsudski, Chief of State of Poland (1918–1922)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Jędrzej Moraczewski, President of the Ministers of Poland (1918–1919)
    2. Ignacy Jan Paderewski, President of the Ministers of Poland (1919)
    3. Leopold Skulski, President of the Ministers of Poland (1919–1920)
  • Komancza (unrecognized state)
    • integrated into Poland on 23 January 1919
    • Head of State - Pantelejmon Shpylka, President of the Council of Komancza (1918–1919)
  • Lemko (unrecognized state)
    • Head of State - Jaroslav Kacmarcyk, President of Lemko (1918–1920)

• Portugal
  • President -
    1. João do Canto e Castro, President of Portugal (1918–1919)
    2. Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Couceiro, President of the Governing Junta of the Kingdom of Portugal (counter government) (1919)
    3. António José de Almeida, President of Portugal (1919–1923)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. João Tamagnini Barbosa, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1918–1919)
    2. José Relvas, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1919)
    3. Domingos Leite Pereira, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1919)
    4. Alfredo de Sá Cardoso, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1919–1920)

• Romania
  • Monarch - Ferdinand, King of the Romanians (1914–1927)
  • Premier -
    1. Ion I. C. Brătianu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1918–1919)
    2. Artur Văitoianu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1919)
    3. Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1919–1920)

• Russia
  • Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
    • Head of State -
      1. Yakov Sverdlov, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets (1917–1919)
      2. Mikhail Vladimirsky, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets (1919)
      3. Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets (1919–1946)
    • Premier - Vladimir Lenin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Russia (1917–1924)
  • Provisional All-Russian Government
    • Head of State - Alexander Kolchak, Supreme Ruler of Russia (1918–1920)
    • Premier -
      1. Pyotr Vologodsky, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Russia (1918–1919)
      2. Viktor Pepelyayev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Russia (1919–1920)
    • Alash (unrecognized state)
      • Head of State - Alikhan Bokeikhanov, Chairman of the Alash Orda (1917–1920)
    • Don (unrecognized state)
      • Head of State -
        1. Pyotr Krasnov, Acting Ataman of Don (1918–1919)
        2. Afrikan Bogaevskiy, Ataman of Don (1919–1920)
    • Kuban (partially recognized state)
      • Head of State -
        1. Nikolai Ryabovol, Chairman of Kuban (1918–1919)
        2. Fyodor Sushkov, Chairman of Kuban (1919–1920)
    • Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (partially recognized state)
      • Head of State -
        1. Pshemaho Kotsev, Prime Minister of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (1918–1919)
        2. Vassangirai Dzhabagi, Prime Minister of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (1919)
        3. Prince N. Tarkovsky, Dictator of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (1919–1920)
    • North Caucasian Emirate (unrecognized state)
      • declared independence in September 1919
      • Monarch - Uzun Haji, Emir of the North Caucasian Emirate (1919–1920)
    • North Ingria (unrecognized state)
      • declared independence on 23 January 1919
      • Head of State -
        1. Santeri Termonen, Chairman of governing council of North Ingria (1919)
        2. Juho Pekka Kokko, Chairman of governing council of North Ingria (1919)
        3. Georg Elfvengren, Chairman of governing council of North Ingria (1919–1920)

• San Marino
  • Captains Regent -
    1. Protogene Belloni and Francesco Morri, Captains Regent of San Marino (1918–1919)
    2. Domenico Vicini and Pietro Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent of San Marino (1919)
    3. Moro Morri and Francesco Pasquali, Captains Regent of San Marino (1919–1920)

• Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
  • Monarch - Peter I, King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1903–1921)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Stojan Protić, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1919)
    2. Ljubomir Davidović, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1919–1920)

• Spain
  • Monarch - Alfonso XIII, King of Spain (1886–1931)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Álvaro de Figueroa, Count of Romanones, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1918–1919)
    2. Antonio Maura, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1919)
    3. Joaquín Sánchez de Toca Calvo, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1919)
    4. Manuel Allendesalazar y Muñoz de Salazar, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1919–1920)

• Sweden
  • Monarch - Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Nils Edén, Prime Minister of Sweden (1917–1920)

• Switzerland
  • Swiss Federal Council:

    Eduard Müller (1895–1919), Giuseppe Motta (1911–1940), Camille Decoppet (1912–1919), Edmund Schulthess (1912–1935), Felix Calonder (1913–1920), Gustave Ador (1917–1919, President), Robert Haab (1917–1929), Ernest Chuard (1919–1928), Karl Scheurer (1919–1929), Jean-Marie Musy (1919–1934)

• Ukraine
  • Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
    • declared on 10 March 1919
    • Communist Party Leader -
      1. Emanuel Kviring, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (1918–1919)
      2. Stanislav Kosior, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (1919)
      3. Rafail Farbman, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (1919–1920)
    • Head of State -
      1. the premier (see below), Head of State of Ukraine (1918–1919)
      2. Grigory Petrovsky, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of Ukraine (1919–1938)
    • Premier -
      1. Georgy Pyatakov, Chairman of the Provisional Workers-Peasant Government of Ukraine (1918–1919)
      2. Christian Rakovsky, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine (1919)
      3. Grigory Petrovsky, Chairman of the All-Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee (1919–1920)
  • Ukrainian People's Republic
    • Head of State -
      1. Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Chairman of the Directory of Ukraine (1918–1919)
      2. Symon Petliura, Chairman of the Directory of Ukraine (1919–1921)
    • Premier -
      1. Volodymyr Chekhivsky, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Ukraine (1918–1919)
      2. Serhiy Ostapenko, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Ukraine (1919)
      3. Borys Mykolaiovych Martos, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Ukraine (1919)
      4. Isaak Mazepa, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Ukraine (1919–1920)
  • West Ukrainian People's Republic
    • integrated into the Ukrainian People's Republic on 22 January 1919
    • Head of State - Yevhen Petrushevych, President of the Ukrainian National Council (1918–1919)
    • Premier -
      1. Kost Levytsky, Chairman of the State Secretariat of West Ukraine (1918–1919)
      2. Sydir Holubovych, Chairman of the State Secretariat of West Ukraine (1919)

• United Kingdom
  • Monarch - George V, King of the United Kingdom (1910–1936)
  • Prime Minister - David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1916–1922)
  • Ireland (unrecognized state)
    • declared independence on 21 January 1919
    • President - Éamon de Valera, President of Dáil Éireann (1919–1922)