List of State Leaders in 1660 - Europe

Europe

  • Denmark-Norway - Frederick III, King of Denmark and King of Norway (1648–1670)
  • England
    1. Richard Cromwell - Lord Protector (1558–1660)
    2. Charles II, King of England (1660–1685)
  • France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
  • Holy Roman Empire - Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705)
    • Bremen, Duchy -
      1. Charles X Gustav of Sweden (House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken), Duke of Bremen (1654–1660)
      2. Charles XI of Sweden (House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken), Duke of Bremen (1660–1697)
    • Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
    • Tuscany - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
    • Verden, Principality -
      1. Charles X Gustav of Sweden (House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken), Prince of Verden (1654–1660)
      2. Charles XI of Sweden (House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken), Prince of Verden (1660–1697)
  • Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire
    • Sultan- Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
    • Grand vizier - Köprülü Mehmet Pasha (1565–1561)
  • Portugal - Afonso VI, King of Portugal (1656–1667)
  • Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
  • Russia - Alexis I, Tsar of Russia (1645–1676)
  • Spain - Philip IV, King of Spain (1621–1665)
  • Sweden -
    1. Charles X Gustav, King of Sweden (1654–1660)
    2. Charles XI, King of Sweden (1660–1697)
  • United Provinces
    • Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
    • Grand Pensionary of Holland - Johan de Witt (1653–1672)

Read more about this topic:  List Of State Leaders In 1660

Famous quotes containing the word europe:

    “The Federated Republic of Europe—the United States of Europe—that is what must be. National autonomy no longer suffices. Economic evolution demands the abolition of national frontiers. If Europe is to remain split into national groups, then Imperialism will recommence its work. Only a Federated Republic of Europe can give peace to the world.”
    —Leon Trotsky (1879–1940)

    “Well then! Wagner was a revolutionary—he fled the Germans.... As an artist one has no home in Europe outside Paris: the délicatesse in all five artistic senses that is presupposed by Wagner’s art, the fingers for nuances, the psychological morbidity are found only in Paris. Nowhere else is this passion in questions of form to be found, this seriousness in mise en scène—which is Parisian seriousness par excellence.”
    —Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)

    “Can we never extract this tape-worm of Europe from the brain of our countrymen?”
    —Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)