List of State Leaders in 1653 - Europe

Europe

  • England
    1. - Rump Parliament (1649–1653)
    2. - Barebone's Parliament, 1653-1653
    3. - Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the First Protectorate Parliament of the Commonwealth (December 1653-1658)
  • France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
  • Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire - Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
  • Parma - Ranuccio II, Duke of Parma (1646–1694)
  • Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
  • Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
  • Sweden - Christina, Queen of Sweden (1632–1654)
  • Tuscany - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
  • United Provinces
    • Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
    • Grand Pensionary of Holland -
      1. Adriaan Pauw (1631–1636, 1651–1653)
      2. Johan de Witt (1653–1672)

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    —Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)