List of State Leaders in 1653 - Europe

Europe

  • England
    1. - Rump Parliament (1649–1653)
    2. - Barebone's Parliament, 1653-1653
    3. - Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the First Protectorate Parliament of the Commonwealth (December 1653-1658)
  • France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
  • Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire - Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
  • Parma - Ranuccio II, Duke of Parma (1646–1694)
  • Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
  • Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
  • Sweden - Christina, Queen of Sweden (1632–1654)
  • Tuscany - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
  • United Provinces
    • Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
    • Grand Pensionary of Holland -
      1. Adriaan Pauw (1631–1636, 1651–1653)
      2. Johan de Witt (1653–1672)

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Famous quotes containing the word europe:

    “I believe that the fundamental proposition is that we must recognize that the hostilities in Europe, in Africa, and in Asia are all parts of a single world conflict. We must, consequently, recognize that our interests are menaced both in Europe and in the Far East.”
    —Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945)

    “That land is like an Eagle, whose young gaze
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    Great People! as the sands shalt thou become;
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    —Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822)

    “Positively I sit here, and look at Europe sink, first one deck disappearing, then another, and the whole ship slowly plunging bow-down into the abyss; until the nightmare gets to be howling. The Roman Empire was a trifle to it.”
    —Henry Brooks Adams (1838–1918)