Licence Raj - Consequences

Consequences

India had started out in the 1950s with:

  • high growth rates
  • openness to trade and investment
  • a promotional state
  • social expenditure awareness
  • macro stability

However, by the 1980s, the country was left with:

  • low growth rates
  • closure to trade and investment
  • a license-obsessed, restrictive state
  • inability to sustain social expenditures
  • macro instability, indeed crisis

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