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- James Anderson of Hermiston (1739–1808), Scottish Enlightenment agriculturalist, lawyer, inventor, economist, writer, publisher
- James Anderson (lawyer) (1662–1728), Scottish lawyer
- James Anderson (missionary), Protestant Christian missionary
- James M. Anderson, former president and Chief Executive Officer at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
- James Craig Anderson (died 2011), African American who was murdered by being run over, in Jackson, Mississippi
- James Anderson (explorer), Hudson's Bay Company Chief Factor after whom the Anderson River (Northwest Territories) was named
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