Ijazah

An ijazah (Arabic: الإِجازَة ‎) is a certificate used primarily by Sunni Muslims to indicate that one has been authorized by a higher authority to transmit a certain subject or text of Islamic knowledge. This usually implies that the student has learned this knowledge through face-to-face interactions "at the feet" of the teacher. The Ijazah was limited to the study of Islamic law (sharia). Philosophy, natural sciences and Islamic theology (kalam) were excluded.