HPS may stand for:
- Health Physics Society, a professional society to promote radiation safety
- Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, a deadly disease transmitted by infected rodents through urine, droppings, or saliva
- Heart Protection Study, a large randomized controlled trial run in the United Kingdom
- Heartland Payment Systems, a payment processor company.
- Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive disorder which results in oculocutaneous albinism
- High Performance Switch (used in some IBM Scalable POWERparallel and IBM System p models)
- High Priestess, a priestess in neopaganism, Wicca and various other religions, who has reached a high level of seniority in her coven or clan and is able to initiate others
- High Pressure Sodium, a type of light bulb
- History and philosophy of science, an academic discipline that encompasses the philosophy of science and the history of science
- Croatian Mountaineering Association (from Hrvatski planinarski savez), an association covering both mountaineering and a broad range of related activities
- Hyderabad Public School, one of the oldest and most prestigious public schools in Hyderabad in India
- Ilford HPS, a cubic-grain black-and-white film
- HP Services, part of the Technology Solutions Group business segment of Hewlett-Packard
- Helsingin Palloseura (HPS), a sports club from Helsinki, Finland
- Hydraulic power steering, a power steering system in automobiles
- In digital textile printing, HPS (Hollanders Printing Systems) is manufacturer of a digital textile print production platform