Comparative Table
In round brackets, the contemporary cognate for the toponym in the respective language is given. In the square brackets, the most frequently used name in English is given.
| Proto-Germanic (or ancient loan word from Celtic, Greek or Latin) |
English and Scots | Dutch and Afrikaans | Low German | (High) German | Continental North Germanic (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish) |
Other Germanic languages | Loans or remnants in non-Germanic languages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *baki "creek" |
(beck) | -beek (beek) Bierbeek, Lembeek, Schaarbeek, Sint-Jans-Molenbeek |
-bek Reinbek, Wandsbek |
-bach, -bock Amorbach, Mühlbock |
-beck, -bekk |
|
|
| *berga- "hill, mountain" |
(barrow) | -berg, -bergen (berg) Bergen, Geraardsbergen, Grimbergen, Kortenberg |
-berg Heidelberg, Kaisersberg, Königsberg, Nürnberg |
-berg Bergen |
-bergue(s) Isbergues, Berck, Barques, Barc, Bierges |
||
| *brugjō- "bridge" |
-bridge (bridge) Cambridge |
-brugge (brug) Brugge, Zeebrugge |
-brücken, -brück, -bruck Innsbruck, Osnabrück, Saarbrücken |
-bro, -bru | |||
| *burg- "city, fortified town, fort" |
-borough, -bury, -burgh (borough) Canterbury, Gainsborough, Peterborough |
-burg (burg, burcht) Aardenburg, Limburg, Middelburg, Tilburg |
-borg Hamborg |
-burg Burg bei Magdeburg, Regensburg, Salzburg |
-borg Nordborg, Rendsborg, Sønderborg |
Luxembourgish -buerg Lëtzebuerg |
Germanic -burg:
|
| *felthuz "plain, open land, field" |
-field (field) Huddersfield, Mansfield, Macclesfield, Mirfield, Wakefield, Sheffield |
-veld Schinveld, Warnsveld |
-feld, -felde (Feld) Bielefeld, Mansfeld. |
||||
| *furdi-, *furdu- "low water crossing" |
-ford, -forth (ford) Ampleforth, Bradford, Guildford, Oxford, Stafford, Watford -firth (firth) |
-foort, -voort, -voorde (voorde) Amersfoort, Vilvoorde, Zandvoort |
-furt Dietfurt, Erfurt, Frankfurt, Ochsenfurt, Steinfurt |
-fjorden Oslofjorden |
-fort Houllefort |
||
| *hafnō- "harbor, port" |
-haven (haven) Stonehaven |
-haven (haven) Eemshaven |
-haven (haven) Bremerhaven, Wilhelmshaven |
-hafen (Hafen) Friedrichshafen |
-hamn, -havn København |
Faroese: -havn Tórshavn |
French Le Havre |
| *haima- "homestead, dwelling" |
-ham (home) Denham, Dunham, Newham, Nottingham, Rotherham |
-(g)em, -(h)em, -en, -um (heem, heim) Alphen, Berchem, Nossegem, Wevelgem, Zaventem |
-(h)am,-heim, -(h)em, -um (Heim) Alkersum, Bad Windsheim, Bochum, Borkum, Crailsheim, Kirchham, Mannheim, Pforzheim, Schiltigheim |
-heim, Trondheim | Unknown East-Germanic language: *Boiohaimum |
French -ham, -hem, -ain, -ent via Old Frankish, Old Norse or Old English Ouistreham, Étréham |
|
| *hufa- "enclosed area, garden" |
-hope, -op Woolhope, Glossop |
-hof, -hoven (hof) Wintershoven, Zonhoven |
-hof, -hofen (Hof) Bechhofen, Diedenhofen |
||||
| *hulmaz "elevation, hill, island" |
-holm, -holme (holm) Grassholm, Hempholme, Holmfirth |
-holm (holm) De Holm |
-holm (holm) Holm, Holm |
-holm (holm) Holm, Holm |
-holm (holm) Stockholm, Holm |
Faroese: -hólmur (hólmur) Gáshólmur |
-homme Robehomme |
| W.Gmc. *kirika from Greek kyriake | -kirk (church) Colkirk, Kirkwall, Ormskirk |
-kerk, -kerke (kerk) Duinkerke |
-kirche, -kirchen (Kirche) Feldkirch, Neunkirchen |
-crique, -kerque Yvecrique, Dunkerque (Dunkirk) |
|||
| *landom "land, ground, soil" |
-land (land) England, Ireland, Scotland |
-land (land) Friesland, Holland, Nederland, Zeeland |
-land (land) | -land (land) Deutschland |
-land (land) Jylland |
-land, -lan château d'Ételan, Heuland |
|
| *rotha "clearing" |
-rade, -ray, -rode, -rooi (rode) Asenray, Gijzenrooi, Landsrade, Middelrode, Nieuwrode, Nistelrode, Sint-Genesius-Rode |
-rade, -rath, -rode, -roth Overath, Radebeul, Radevormwald, Roth, Wernigerode |
-rud, -rød, -röd, -ryd | ||||
| *stainaz "stone" |
-stan, -stam, -stone (stone) Stanlow, Stanmore, Stamford, Stonehaven |
-steen (steen) Steenokkerzeel |
-steen (steen) Sleswig-Holsteen |
-stein (Stein) Schleswig-Holstein, Stein, Steinfurt, Stein-Wingert |
-sten | -stain, -étan Grestain |
|
| *thurpa- "farm, settlement" |
-thorp, -thorpe (thorp) Cleethorpes, Thorpeness |
-dorp (dorp) Hazerswoude-Dorp, Opdorp |
-dorp (dorp) Dusseldorp |
-dorf, -torf (Dorf) Dorf |
-torp | -tourp(s), -tour Clitourps, Saussetour |
|
| Lat vīcus "dwelling place, village" |
-wich Norwich, Ipswich, Alnwick |
-wijk (wijk) Ewijk |
-wig Sleswig-Holsteen |
-wig (Weich) Schleswig-Holstein |
|||
| *walhaz "stranger, non-Germanic person" |
wal- (Welsh) Cornwall, Wales, Walsall, Walsden |
wal- (Waal) Wallonië |
wal- Wallis |
Unknown Germanic language: Wallachia |
Germanic wal- became:
|
Read more about this topic: Germanic Placenames
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