The German resistance (Widerstand) was the opposition by individuals and groups in Germany to Adolf Hitler or the National Socialist regime between 1933 and 1945. Some of these engaged in active plans to remove Adolf Hitler from power and overthrow his regime. Their plans culminated in the unsuccessful 20th July plot to assassinate Hitler in 1944.
The term German resistance should not be understood as meaning that there was a united resistance movement in Germany at any time during the Nazi period, analogous to the more coordinated Polish Underground State, French Resistance, and Italian Resistance. The German resistance consisted of small and usually isolated groups. They were unable to mobilize political opposition, and their only real strategy was to persuade leaders of the Wehrmacht to stage a coup against the regime: the 1944 assassination attempt against Hitler was intended to trigger such a coup.
Approximately 77,000 German citizens were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts, courts-martial, and the civil justice system. Many of these Germans had served in government, the military, or in civil positions, which enabled them to engage in subversion and conspiracy; in addition the Canadian historian Peter Hoffman counts unspecified "tens of thousands" in concentration camps who were either suspected or actually engaged in opposition. By contrast, the German historian Hans Mommsen wrote that resistance in Germany was "resistance without the people" and that the number of those Germans engaged in resistance to the Nazi regime were very small.
The resistance in Germany included German citizens of non-German ethnicity, like the members of Polish minority who formed resistance groups like Olimp.
Read more about German Resistance: Introduction, Pre-war Resistance 1933–39, Resistance in The Army 1938–42, The First Assassination Attempt, Catholic Resistance, The Nadir of Resistance: 1940–42, Communist Resistance, The Aeroplane Assassination Attempt, The Suicide Bombing Attempts, Stalingrad and White Rose, Unorganised Resistance, Relations With Allies, Towards July 20, July 20 Plot, Historiography
Famous quotes containing the words german and/or resistance:
“He’s leaving Germany by special request of the Nazi government. First he sends a dispatch about Danzig and how 10,000 German tourists are pouring into the city every day with butterfly nets in their hands and submachine guns in their knapsacks. They warn him right then. What does he do next? Goes to a reception at von Ribbentropf’s and keeps yelling for gefilte fish!”
—Billy Wilder (b. 1906)
“High treason, when it is resistance to tyranny here below, has its origin in, and is first committed by, the power that makes and forever re-creates man.”
—Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)