Biography
Prior to World War II, Simmons served as a Military Attache to Spain from 1928 until 1936, whereupon he served in British mandated Palestine as a lieutenant colonel, accompanied by his wife. He was the commanding officer of British forces in Shanghai in 1939 and 1940 and later the commander of British defences at the Singapore Fortress in 1941, prior to its fall in 1942.
An ardent supporter of the concept that defence construction was detrimental to troop morale, Simmons was eventually placed in command of a committee to ascertain the readiness of Singapore's defences as the Japanese invasion became apparent. He was appointed to "develop" the defence plan by Lieutenant General Arthur Percival. As the situation worsened for the Allies, Simmons was one of a few commanders privy to Percival's last-ditch defence plans and his "no surrender" policy of 11 February 1942.
During the final days of the battle, Simmons was transferred and ordered to command the British forces in the 'Southern Area' of the battlefield, when the decision to surrender became apparent he joined fellow commanders in voicing the opinion that continued resistance was ill-advised. Simmons spent the next three years as a prisoner of war in Japan, prior to his release in 1945 and retirement in 1946.
Read more about this topic: Frank Keith Simmons
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