Geography and Climate
Situated in western Latvia, it roughly corresponds to the former districts of Kuldīga, Liepāja, Saldus, Talsi, Tukums and Ventspils.
When combined with Semigallia and Selonia, Courland's northeastern boundary is the river Daugava, which separates it from the regions of Latgale and Vidzeme. To the north, Courland's boundary is the Gulf of Riga. On the west it is bordered by the Baltic Sea, and on the south by Lithuania. It lies between 55° 45′ and 57° 45′ North and 21° and 27° East.
The area comprises 27,286 km² (10,535 sq.mi.), of which 262 km² (101 sq.mi.) is made up of lakes. The landscape generally has a low and undulating character, with flat and marshy coastlands. The interior features wooded dunes, covered with pine, fir, birch, and oak, with swamps and lakes, and fertile patches between. Courland's elevation never rises more than 213 m (700 ft) above sea level.
The Jelgava plain divides Courland into two parts:
- the western side, fertile and densely inhabited, except in the north
- the eastern side is less fertile and thinly inhabited.
Nearly one hundred rivers drain Courland, but only three of these rivers – the Daugava, the Lielupe and the Venta–are navigable. They all flow northwestward and discharge into the Baltic Sea.
Owing to its numerous lakes and marshes, Courland has a damp, often foggy, and changeable climate, with severe winters.
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