Consonant Harmony - Examples

Examples

A good discussion of consonant harmony typology is found in Rose and Walker's 2004 paper in the journal Language. "A Typology of Consonant Agreement as Correspondence."

One of the more common harmony processes is coronal harmony. This type of harmony affects the coronal fricatives, such as s and sh in a word, requiring all the coronal fricatives in the word to belong either to the +anterior class (s-like sounds) or the -anterior class (sh-like sounds). Such patterns are found in the Dene (Athabaskan) languages such as Navajo (Young and Morgan 1987, McDonough 2003), Tahltan (Shaw 1991), Western Apache, and in Chumash on the California coast (Applegate 1972, Campbell 1997), to name a few examples. In Tahltan, Shaw shows that the coronal harmony affects three coronal fricatives, s, sh and the interdental th. The following examples are given by de Ruese: in Western Apache, the verbal prefix si- is an alveolar fricative, as in the following forms:

• siką̄ą̄ "a container and its contents are in position"
• sitłēēd "mushy matter is in position"
• siyį̄į̄ "a load/pack/burden is in position"
• sinéʼ "three or more flexible objects are in position"
• siłāā "a slender flexible object is in position"
• siʼą̄ą̄ "a solid roundish object is in position"
• sitsooz "a flat flexible object is in position"
• siziid "liquid matter is in position"

However, when this prefix si- occurs before a verb stem that contains a post-alveolar affricate, the si- surfaces as the post-alveolar shi-:

• shijaa "three or more solid rigid inanimate objects are in position"

Thus all the sibilant obstruents (fricatives and affricates) in these languages are divided into two groups, +anterior (s, ts, dz) and -anterior (sh, ch, j). In Navajo, as in most languages with consonant harmony, there is a constraint on the shape of roots (a well-formedness constraint) that is identical to the harmony process. Thus all roots with sibiliant affricates or fricatives have the same value for anteriority. Shaw (1991) provides a phonological analysis of this process, using data from research on Tahltan language.

There are two interesting aspects of this process in Navajo. First, morphemes that participate are domain specific, only the two rightmost domains are affected (conjunct + stem). Verbal morphemes from the outer or 'disjunct' domain are not affected by the process; i.e. the process is morphologically conditioned. Second, the lateral affricate and fricative (dl, tł and ł) appear with both values. Young and Morgan (1987) offer an extensive sets of examples of this type of morpheme alternation in Navajo.

A different example of coronal harmony occurs in Sanskrit, where is retroflexed to if certain consonants precede it in the same word, even at a distance.

Various Austronesian languages exhibit consonant harmony among the liquid consonants, with assimilating at a distance to or vice versa.

Guaraní shows nasal harmony, by which certain affixes have alternative forms according to whether the root includes a nasal (vowel or consonant) or not. For instance, the reflexive prefix is realized as oral je- when preceding an oral stem like juka "kill", but as nasal ñe- when preceding a nasal stem like nupã "hit", where the ã makes the stem nasal.

Some Finnish speakers find it hard to pronounce both 'b' and 'p' in foreign words (e.g. pubi), so they voice (bubi) or devoice (pupi) the entire word. It should however be noted that the distinction between these consonants is not native to Finnish. Native Finnish words do not use the letter 'b'.