Aristobulus or Aristobulos may refer to:
- Aristobulus I (died 103 BC), king of the Hebrew Hasmonean Dynasty, 104–103 BCE
- Aristobulus II (died 49 BC), king of Judea from the Hasmonean Dynasty, 67–63 BCE
- Aristobulus III of Judea (53 BC–36 BC), last scion of the Hasmonean royal house
- Aristobulus IV (31 BC–7 BC), Prince of Judea, son of Herod the Great and Mariamne, married Berenice, father of Agrippa I
- Aristobulus Minor, son of the above, brother of Agrippa I
- Aristobulus of Chalcis
- Aristobulus of Paneas (c. 160 BCE), Hellenistic Jewish philosopher
- Aristobulus of Cassandreia (375 BC–301 BC), Greek historian, accompanied Alexander the Great on his campaigns
- Aristobulus of Britannia, one of the Seventy Disciples, brother of Barnabas