Events
- 399 – 412: The Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian sails through the Indian Ocean and travels throughout Sri Lanka and India to gather Buddhist scriptures.
- c. 401: Buddhist monk and translator of sutras, Kumarajiva into Chinese arrives in Chang'an
- Early 5th century – Baptistry of Neon, Ravenna, Italy, is built.
- 406: The eastern frontier of the Western Roman Empire collapses as waves of Suevi, Alans, and Vandals cross the frozen Rhine near Mainz, and enter Gaul.
- 407: Constantine III leads many of the Roman military units from Britain to Gaul, occupying Arles (Arelate). This is generally seen as Rome's withdrawal from Britain.
- 410: Rome sacked by Visigoths led by their king Alaric.
- 411: Suebi establish the first independent Christian kingdom of Western Europe in Gallaecia.
- 413: St. Augustine, bishop of Hippo begins to write The City of God.
- c. 430: Ilopango erupted, devastating Mayan cities in present-day El Salvador.
- 431: First Council of Ephesus, the third ecumenical council which upholds the title Theotokos for Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ.
- 439: Vandals conquer Carthage.
- At some point after 440, the Anglo-Saxons settle in Britain. The traditional story is that they were invited there by Vortigern.
- 451: Council of Chalcedon, the fourth ecumenical council which taught Jesus Christ as one divine person in two natures.
- 451: Huns under Attila facing the Romans and the Visigoths are defeated in the Battle of Chalons.
- 452: Metropolis of Aquileia is destroyed by Attila the Hun
- 452: Pope Leo I meets personally with Attila on the Micino River and convinces him not to sack Rome.
- 453: Death of Attila. The Hunnic Empire is divided between his sons.
- 454: Battle of Nedao. Germanic tribes destroy the main Hunnic army and throw off Hunnic domination.
- 455: Vandals sack Rome.
- 455: City of Chichen Itza is founded in Mexico.
- 469: Death of Dengizich, last Khan of the Hunnic Empire.
- 470: Riothamus, King of the Britons, helped the Roman Empire in Brittany against Visigoths.
- 476: August 28: Deposition of Romulus Augustulus by Odoacer: traditional date for the Fall of Rome in the West.
- 477 (or 497): Chan Buddhists found the Shaolin Monastery on Mount Shan in Henan, China.
- 480: Assassination of Julius Nepos, the last de jure Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, in Dalmatia.
- 481: Clovis I becomes king of the Western Franks upon the death of Childeric I.
- 486: Clovis defeats Syagrius and conquers the last free remnant of the Western Roman Empire.
- 490: Battle of Mount Badon (approximate date). According to legend, British forces led by Arthur defeated the invading Saxons.
- 491: King Clovis I defeats and subjugates the Kingdom of Thuringia in Germany.
- 493: Theodoric the Ostrogoth ousts Odoacer to become king of Italy.
- 494: Northern Gaul is united under Frankish King Clovis I, founder of the Merovingian dynasty.
- 496: Battle of Tolbiac. King Clovis subjugates the Alamanni, and is baptized as a Catholic with a large number of Franks by Remigius, bishop of Reims
- Buddhism reaches Burma and Indonesia.
- African and Indonesian settlers reach Madagascar.
- Hopewell tradition ends in North America.
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—Mark Twain [Samuel Langhorne Clemens] (1835–1910)
“Custom, then, is the great guide of human life. It is that principle alone, which renders our experience useful to us, and makes us expect, for the future, a similar train of events with those which have appeared in the past.”
—David Hume (1711–1776)
“Just as a mirror may be used to reflect images, so ancient events may be used to understand the present.”
—Chinese proverb.